Table 3.

Association between smoking cessation and the frequency of codes.

Scale, category of codes, and codes				Odds ratio (95% CI) using separate logistic regression models for each code
Motivational Interviewing Scale
	Supporting client strengths			1.12 (0.98-1.32)
		Explored previous successes	N/Aa
		Explored positive qualities	N/A
		Accentuated any motivation for change	N/A
		Highlighted any efforts towards change	N/A
		Used affirmations to highlight strengths, motivation	N/A
	Engagement			1.06 (0.88-1.27)
		Worked to fully understand the problem and the client’s perspective before moving toward change	N/A
		Focused on engagement before change	N/A
		Used reflective listening to convey empathy and understanding	N/A
		Used affirmations to build a positive relationship	N/A
	Eliciting change talk			1.10 (0.74-1.62)
		Asked about concerns using open-ended questions or reflective listening	N/A
		Asked for elaboration about concerns	N/A
		Explored client values as they relate to change	N/A
		Selectively responded to change talk with curiosity, interest	N/A
		Explored pros and cons or decisional balance	N/A
		Used low-threshold questions	N/A
	Promoting internal motivation			1.20 (0.74-1.82)
		Elicited and respected the client’s goals for treatment	N/A
		Explored values underlying the motivation for change	N/A
		Supported autonomy in decision making	N/A
	Assessing motivation			1.05 (0.52-2.09)
		Identified a target behavior	N/A
		Identified stage of change	N/A
		Used importance, confidence, and readiness ruler	N/A
		Differentiated between different areas of motivation (eg, substance use vs mental health; treatment vs change)	N/A
	Addressing ambivalence			0.94 (0.55-1.63)
		Normalized ambivalence	N/A
		Explored ambivalence	N/A
		Reframed ambivalence	N/A
		Used a decisional balance	N/A
		Avoided direct persuasion	N/A
		Explored pros and cons of change	N/A
	Rolling with resistance			0.82 (0.35-1.92)
		Affirmation (external reframe)	N/A
		Empathic response	N/A
		Reflective listening	N/A
		Providing choice	N/A
		Nondefensive response	N/A
Smoking Cessation Counseling Scale
	Basic counseling
		If willing to quit, provide assistance	1.0 (0.69-1.42)
		Ask if willing to quit	0.72 (0.18-2.97)
		If not quitting, help identify barriers	1.44 (0.60-3.41)
	Advanced counseling
		Helping smokers prepare to quitb	1.0 (0.82-1.21)
		Helping smokers anticipate barriersc	1.07 (0.88-1.31)
		Managing relapsesd	0.88 (0.54-1.45)
		Advising smokers to set a quit date	1.24 (0.66-2.35)
		Getting social supporte	1.04 (0.6-1.80)

^aN/A: not applicable.

^bHelping smokers prepare to quit codes include identify reasons and benefits for quitting; provide information for follow-up visits with doctor; and recommend over-the-counter nicotine patch, other medications.

^cHelp smokers anticipate barriers codes include anticipate challenges in the beginning; anticipate nicotine withdrawal; alcohol is associated with relapse; and review past quit attempts, what helped, and what led to relapse.

^dManage relapses codes include if relapse occurs, review and learn from experience; if relapse occurs, repeat quit attempts; if relapse occurs, reassess problems; and total abstinence is essential.

^eGetting social support codes include get support from family, friends, and coworkers; and other smokers in house are not helpful.