Table 1.
Analysis of the validity of heart rate measurements by wrist-worn wearables while sitting or walking/running at different intensities.
| Level of activity (METsa), intensity | Apple Watch Series 4 | Polar Vantage V | Garmin Fenix 5 | Fitbit Versa | |
| Inactive (1.3), sitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 68.8 (11.7) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | 0.03 (–0.02 to 0.07) | –0.06 (–0.11 to –0.02) | 0.12 (–0.07 to 0.31) | –0.06 (–0.27 to 0.15) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.99 (0.99-1) | 0.99 (0.98-1) | 0.89 (0.77-0.95) | 0.91 (0.77-0.96) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Excellent | Excellent | Good | Good |
|
|
CVc (%) | 2 (1.6-2.6) | 2.2 (1.8-2.9) | 7.7 (6.1-10.7) | 8 (6.1-12.1) |
|
|
sTEEd | 0.12 (0.09-0.17) | 0.13 (0.10-0.19) | 0.63 (0.41-1.03) | 0.47 (0.28-0.82) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Small | Small | Large | Moderate |
| Light (3.5), 1.1 m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 95.8 (25.0) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | 0.01 (–0.07 to 0.09) | –0.07 (–0.32 to 0.17) | 0.12 (–0.10 to 0.34) | –0.28 (–7.00 to 0.13) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.97 (0.95-0.99) | 0.89 (0.79-0.94) | 0.85 (0.70-0.93) | 0.57 (0.31-0.70) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Very good | Good | Good | Very poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 2.9 (2.3-3.8) | 5.5 (4.4-7.3) | 5.8 (4.5-8.0) | 9.6 (7.8-12.6) |
|
|
sTEE | 0.23 (0.16-0.34) | 0.54 (0.37-0.82) | 0.62 (0.40-1.03) | 1.43 (0.87-3.03) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Small | Moderate | Large | Very large |
| Vigorous (6.6), 1.9 m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 127 (19.4) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | –0.02 (–0.10 to 0.06) | –0.34 (–0.53 to –0.16) | 0.06 (–0.17 to 0.29) | –0.05 (–0.34 to 0.24) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.97 (0.95-0.99) | 0.91 (0.82-0.95) | 0.83 (0.65-0.92) | 0.54 (0.29-0.71) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Very good | Good | Poor | Very poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 2.9 (2.3-3.8) | 5.4 (4.3-7.2) | 9.2 (7.2-12.9) | 19.1 (15.7-24.7) |
|
|
sTEE | 0.23 (0.16-0.34) | 0.46 (0.32-0.69) | 0.68 (0.43-1.16) | 1.58 (0.98-3.25) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Small | Moderate | Large | Very large |
| Vigorous (9.9), 2.7 m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 167 (16.5) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | –0.13 (–0.49 to 0.24) | –0.37 (–0.57 to –0.16) | –0.56 (–0.87 to –0.24) | –0.82 (–1.18 to –0.47) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 1 (0.99-1) | 0.88 (0.78-0.94) | 0.63 (0.34-0.81) | 0.52 (0.27-0.70) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Excellent | Good | Very poor | Very poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 5.9 (4.8-7.9) | 8.3 (6.6-11.4) | 8.5 (7.0-11.0) |
|
|
sTEE | 0.09 (0.06-0.12) | 0.53 (0.36-0.81) | 1.24 (0.74-2.73) | 1.64 (1.01-3.59) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Trivial | Moderate | Very large | Very large |
| Vigorous (10.4), 3.6 m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 170 (15.3) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | 0.02 (–0.09 to 0.14) | –0.75 (–1.05 to –0.46) | –0.40 (–0.60 to –0.19) | –1.17 (–1.47 to –0.87) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.94 (0.89-0.97) | 0.86 (0.74-0.93) | 0.82 (0.67-0.91) | 0.82 (0.67-0.91) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Good | Good | Poor | Poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 3.0 (2.4-4.0) | 4.9 (3.9-6.5) | 8.9 (7.19-12.1) | 4.1 (3.3-5.5) |
|
|
sTEE | 0.35 (0.24-0.51) | 0.59 (0.40-0.91) | 0.69 (0.46-1.11) | 0.70 (0.47-1.11) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Moderate | Moderate | Large | Large |
| Vigorous (13.3), 4.1 m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 177 (8.5) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | –0.27 (–0.51 to –0.03) | –0.72 (–0.95 to –0.49) | –1.47 (–1.88 to –1.06) | –2.06 (–3.17 to –0.95) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.85 (0.71-0.93) | 0.89 (0.76-0.95) | 0.82 (0.65-0.91) | 0.68 (0.24-0.89) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Good | Good | Poor | Very poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 4.3 (3.4-5.8) | 3.9 (3.0-5.6) | 2.88 (2.28-3.96) | 3.22 (2.34-5.35) |
|
|
sTEE | 0.62 (0.41-1.00) | 0.50 (0.31-0.84) | 0.69 (0.44-1.17) | 1.09 (0.52-4.13) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Large | Moderate | Large | Very large |
| Vigorous (13.8), intermittent sprints |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean (SD) | 153 (14.7) | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.21) | –0.99 (–1.54 to –0.44) | –1.75 (–2.28 to –1.21) | –2.01 (–2.58 to –1.43) |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.92 (0.85-0.96) | 0.75 (0.53-0.88) | 0.58 (0.28-0.78) | 0.53 (0.15-0.77) |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Good | Poor | Very poor | Very poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 3.5 (2.8-4.7) | 6.7 (5.3-9.3) | 8.4 (6.6-11.6) | 9.0 (6.9-13.4) |
|
|
sTEE | 0.38 (0.25-0.64) | 0.88 (0.54-1.73) | 1.44 (0.80-5.40) | 1.94 (0.84-5.25) |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Moderate | Large | Very large | Very large |
| Vigorous (8.8), average of the values at all different intensities |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Heart rate (bpm)b, mean | 137 | |||
|
|
Standardized mean bias | 0.03 | –0.47 | –0.55 | –0.92 |
|
|
Pearson’s r | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.77 | 0.65 |
|
|
Interpretation of Pearson’s r | Very good | Good | Poor | Very poor |
|
|
CV (%) | 2.79 | 4.93 | 7.30 | 8.79 |
|
|
sTEE | 0.29 | 0.52 | 0.86 | 1.26 |
|
|
Interpretation of sTEE | Moderate | Moderate | Large | Very large |
aMETs: metabolic equivalents.
bMeasured according to the criterion measure.
cCV: coefficient of variation.
dsTEE: standardized typical error of the estimate.