Table 1. Cohort Characteristics by Surgeon Generations.
| Variables | Generation, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First (n = 258) | Second (n = 151) | Third (n = 82) | P valuea | |
| Preoperative characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 67.3 (11.7) | 66.3 (11.1) | 66.9 (10.0) | .52 |
| Female | 121 (46.9) | 71 (47.0) | 34 (41.5) | .66 |
| Prior abdominal surgery | 143 (55.4) | 85 (56.3) | 37 (45.1) | .21 |
| ASA score (≥3) | 202 (78.3) | 133 (88.1) | 69 (84.1) | .04 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.7 (5.4) | 28.1 (6.3) | 26.2 (5.0) | .05 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 67 (26.0) | 56 (37.1) | 30 (36.6) | .03 |
| Perioperative outcomes | ||||
| ORT, mean (SD), min | 450.8 (121.0) | 388.5 (76.7) | 348.6 (52.6) | <.001 |
| Conversion | 18 (7.0) | 7 (4.6) | 0 | .006 |
| EBL, mean (SD), mL | 426.6 (525.8) | 288.6 (335.0) | 254.7 (274.1) | <.001 |
| pRBC units transfused | 47 (18.2) | 17 (11.3) | 6 (7.3) | .02 |
| Pathology | ||||
| PDA | 129 (50.0) | 80 (53.0) | 37 (45.1) | .46 |
| AMP | 41 (15.9) | 16 (10.6) | 14 (17.1) | |
| IPMN | 33 (12.8) | 13 (8.6) | 11 (13.4) | |
| NET | 17 (6.6) | 13 (8.6) | 8 (9.8) | |
| CCA | 16 (6.2) | 15 (9.9) | 3 (3.7) | |
| Other | 22 (8.5) | 14 (9.3) | 9 (11.0) | |
| PV isolation clamp | 41 (15.9) | 32 (21.2) | 8 (9.8) | .07 |
| Concomitant procedure | 4 (1.6) | 6 (4.0) | 5 (6.1) | .09 |
| Tumor size, mean (SD), cm | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.4) | .88 |
| Positive margin | 35 (13.6) | 18 (11.9) | 7 (8.5) | .45 |
| Total nodes, mean (SD) | 27.4 (13.4) | 30.8 (10.0) | 34.0 (13.7) | <.001 |
| Postoperative outcomes | ||||
| Wound infection | 31 (12.1) | 21 (13.9) | 11 (13.4) | .85 |
| CR-POPF | 21 (8.1) | 11 (7.3) | 5 (6.1) | .82 |
| Any Clavien-Dindo complication | 180 (69.8) | 103 (68.2) | 50 (61.0) | .34 |
| Clavien-Dindo >2 complications | 74 (28.7) | 30 (19.9) | 12 (14.6) | .01 |
| Length of stay, mean (SD), d | 11.0 (9.3) | 9.7 (7.0) | 8.1 (7.2) | <.001 |
| Readmission within 90 d | 94 (37.2) | 46 (31.7) | 30 (40.0) | .40 |
| Mortality within 90 d | 7 (2.8) | 5 (3.4) | 2 (2.7) | .93 |
Abbreviations: AMP, ampullary; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; CR-POPF, clinically relevant post-operative pancreatic fistula; EBL, estimated blood loss; IPMN, intrapapillary mucinous neoplasm; NET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; ORT, operating room time; PDA, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; pRBC, packed red blood cells; PV, portal vein.
a
Statistically significant values at P less than .05.