Table 3.

The mean development time in days and degree-days (°D) for Spodoptera frugiperda at constant temperatures. Degree-days were calculated using the lower threshold temperature for development for each developmental stage (eggs = 13.01 °C, larvae = 12.12 °C, pupae = 13.06 °C and egg to adult = 12.57 °C).

Developmental Stage	Temperature (°C)	n	Development time (days ± S.E.)	Range	Mean number of °D ± S.E.
Egg	18	93	6.38 ± 0.05	6–7	31.84 ± 0.00
	22	130	4.00 ± 0.00	4	35.96 ± 0.00
	26	151	3.00 ± 0.00	3	38.97 ± 0.00
	30	128	2.00 ± 0.00	2	33.98 ± 0.00
	32	162	2.00 ± 0.00	2	37.98 ± 0.00
Mean					35.68 ± 0.22
Larvae	18	31	34.39 ± 0.41	28–37	202.20 ± 2.43
	22	33	20.58 ± 0.15	19–22	203.29 ± 1.49
	26	21	14.86 ± 0.31	13–19	206.22 ± 4.31
	30	21	11.38 ± 0.25	10–14	203.49 ± 4.53
	32	33	10.45 ± 0.10	10–12	207.84 ± 1.95
Mean					204.60 ± 1.23
Pupae	18	31	30.68 ± 0.28	28–34	151.55 ± 1.36
	22	33	17.06 ± 0.24	14–20	152.52 ± 2.16
	26	21	11.43 ± 0.22	10–13	147.89 ± 2.90
	30	21	9.00 ± 0.12	8–10	152.46 ± 2.03
	32	33	7.82 ± 0.10	7–9	148.08 ± 1.93
Mean					150.54 ± 0.93
Egg to adult	18	31	71.44 ± 0.40	67–77	387.94 ± 2.17
	22	33	41.64 ± 0.32	38–46	392.63 ± 2.98
	26	21	29.29 ± 0.29	27–32	393.31 ± 3.84
	30	21	22.38 ± 0.27	20–25	390.10 ± 4.73
	32	33	20.27 ± 0.15	19–22	393.90 ± 2.84
Mean					391.61 ± 1.42