Table 2.
List of stem cell types for bone tissue regeneration and their features.
| Acronym | Cell Type | Feature |
|---|---|---|
| BMSC | Bone marrow stem cell | Largely available from the body, they enhance osteoblasts differentiation. Invasive extraction procedure. |
| ADSC | Adipose-derived stem cells | Largely available, they recruit other cells from the bone. Lower osteogenic potential than BMSC. |
| UMSC | Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Largely available and non-invasive procedures. Ethical problems correlated to their usage. |
| DPSC | Dental pulp stem cells | Easy harvesting. Fast proliferation and possible differentiation in different types of cells. Lower ostogenic potential than BMSC. |
| PDLSC | Periodontal ligament stem cells | Reduction of proinflammarory cytokines. They induce both osteoblast commitment and vascularization. They need conditioned medium. |
| GMSC | Gingival mesenchymal stem cell | Reduction of proinflammarory cytokines. They need conditioned medium. |
| DFSC | Endometrial stem cell | High proliferation rate but weak osteogenic potential. |
| JBMSC | Jaw bone mesenchymal stem cells | Highly expandable. Good osteogenic potential. |
| AMSC | Amnion mesenchymal stem cells | Anti-inflammatory multipotent cells. Non-invasive harvest. Limited availability. |
| MDSC | Muscle-derived stromal cells | Good osteogenic potential. Contrasting results between human and animal cells. |
| PDSC | Periosteum-derived stem cells | Large availability, they produce functional tissue. Difficult extraction procedure. |
| iPS | Induced-pluripotent stem cells | Possible teratogenic cells in vivo. |