Table 1.

Characteristics of study sample at baselinea

Variable	Medicaid expansion statesb	Nonexpansion statesc
Total ED visits, No.	1 215 120	3 199 891
ED visits for dental conditions (%)	3.92	4.00
Gender (%)
Male	42.69	39.94
Female	57.31	60.06
Age (%)
19‐34	46.03	46.78
35‐44	20.24	20.40
45‐54	20.63	19.72
55‐64	13.10	13.09
Race (%)
White	35.77	46.14
Black	36.93	39.23
Hispanic	22.34	11.58
Asiand	0.68	0.40
Othere	4.28	2.66
Rural (%)
Urban	95.45	90.10
Rural	4.55	9.90
Primary payer (%)
Medicare	9.69	10.19
Medicaid	34.32	29.00
Private insurance	22.50	21.44
Self‐pay/uninsured	29.58	33.49
Otherf	3.91	5.89

Sample limited to adults aged 19‐64 yrs with income within the first income quartile calculated for median household income for patient’s ZIP code.

Abbreviation: ED, Emergency Department.

^aBaseline refers to the sample prior to Medicaid expansion, year 2012.

^bMedicaid expansion states: AR, AZ, CT, DC, IA, KY, MD, MA, MI, MN, NV, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OR, WV.

^cNonexpansion states: AL, FL, GA, IN, LA, MS, MO, NE, NC, OK, PA, TN, TX, UT, VA, WI.

^dIncludes Asian/Pacific Islander.

^eIncludes Native American and other.

^fIncludes Worker’s Compensation, CHAMPUS, CHAMPVA, Title V, other government programs, and no charge.