Table 2.
Effect of Medicaid expansion on buprenorphine kilograms dispensed in states by waiver concentration and physician medicaid acceptance
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main model | Waiver concentration interacted modela | Physician Medicaid acceptance interacted modelb | Medicaid enrollment sensitivity model | Percent insured sensitivity model | |
| Medicaid expansion (average effect) | 1.42 [−12.2,15.1] | ||||
| Medicaid expansion (bottom third) | −10.9 [−22.4,0.73] | 16.6 [−8.90,42.1] | |||
| Expansion × middle third | 8.77 [−19.8,37.3] | −17.5 [−48.5,13.5] | |||
| Expansion × top third | 22.7* [4.19,41.1] | −25.6 [−53.8,2.66] | |||
| Unemployment (%) | −2.30 [−5.66,1.06] | −1.97 [−5.14,1.21] | −1.47 [−5.15,2.20] | −0.67 [−3.93,2.59] | −2.44 [−5.77,0.89] |
| Population (10 000s) | 0.21** [0.079,0.35] | 0.22** [0.066,0.36] | 0.19** [0.055,0.32] | 0.058 [−0.13,0.25] | 0.22** [0.077,0.36] |
| Poverty rate (%) | 4.60 [−0.53,9.74] | 3.45 [−1.24,8.14] | 3.41 [−1.85,8.66] | 2.62 [−2.34,7.57] | 4.67 [−0.52,9.86] |
| Medicaid enrollments (100 000s) | 1.86 [−0.80,4.52] | ||||
| Insurance rate (%) | −0.49 [−2.51,1.53] | ||||
| State‐years | 540 | 540 | 540 | 540 | 540 |
95% confidence intervals in brackets.
States are divided into thirds by the number of buprenorphine waivers per 100 000 people in 2013. Bottom third states (12 waivers per 100 000 persons, eight expansion states, seven nonexpansion states): AR, IA, IL, IN, KS, MN, MO, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, OK, TX, and WY. Middle third states (23 waivers per 100 000 persons, eight expansion states, seven nonexpansion states): AL, AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, GA, HI, NV, OH, SC, TN, VA, WI, and WV. Top third states (52 waivers per 100 000 persons, 13 expansion states, two nonexpansion states): AK, CT, MA, MD, ME, MI, NJ, NM, NY, OR, PA, RI, UT, VT, and WA.
States are divided into thirds by the percent of physicians accepting Medicaid in 2011. Bottom third states (63 percent of physicians accept Medicaid, eight expansion states, seven nonexpansion states): AL, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IL KS, MD, MO, NJ, NY, OK, PA, and TN. Middle third states (75 percent of physicians accept Medicaid, four expansion states, 11 nonexpansion states): AZ, DE, HI, IN, MA, ME, NC, NV, OH, OR, RI, TX, VA, VT, and WA. Top third states (88 percent of physicians accept Medicaid, five expansion states, 10 nonexpansion states): AK, AR, IA, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NH, NM, SC, UT, WI, WV, and WY.
P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.