Table 2.
Prevalence of hypertension of children aged 6–12 years.
| Variables | Total | Urban | Rural | Difference (rural vs urban) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | P | Prevalence | P | Prevalence | P | |||
| Total | 13.75% (13.17%, 14.34%) | 9.02% (8.31%, 9.78%) | 17.47% (16.62%, 18.34%) | 8.44% (7.32%, 9.56%) | <0.001 | |||
| Anthropometric measures | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 13.50% (12.71%, 14.32%) | 0.385 | 8.72% (7.75%, 9.76%) | 0.388 | 17.24% (16.07%, 18.45%) | 0.581 | 8.52% (6.98%, 10.06%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 14.01% (13.18%, 14.88%) | 9.35% (8.32%, 10.47%) | 17.72% (16.49%, 19.00%) | 8.37% (6.73%, 10.00%) | <0.001 | |||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 6 | 16.73% (14.92%, 18.66%) | <0.001 | 14.15% (11.83%, 16.72%) | <0.001 | 19.50% (16.75%, 22.49%) | <0.001 | 5.36% (1.67%, 9.04%) | 0.004 |
| 7 | 15.66% (14.26%, 17.15%) | 10.91% (9.23%, 12.79%) | 20.35% (18.15%, 22.69%) | 9.44% (6.61%, 12.26%) | <0.001 | |||
| 8 | 13.70% (12.32%, 15.17%) | 7.30% (5.79%, 9.05%) | 18.97% (16.85%, 21.24%) | 11.67% (8.99%, 14.35%) | <0.001 | |||
| 9 | 11.68% (10.34%, 13.13%) | 8.16% (6.47%, 10.12%) | 14.41% (12.46%, 16.53%) | 6.25% (3.58%, 8.91%) | <0.001 | |||
| 10 | 12.25% (10.90%, 13.70%) | 7.31% (5.65%, 9.28%) | 15.39% (13.49%, 17.44%) | 8.08% (5.47%, 10.69%) | <0.001 | |||
| 11 | 13.28% (11.89%, 14.77%) | 6.37% (4.84%,8.22%) | 17.72% (15.71%, 19.87%) | 11.35%(8.74%,13.96%) | <0.001 | |||
| 12 | 12.69% (10.35%, 15.33%) | 8.24% (5.24%, 12.21%) | 15.28% (12.11%, 18.91%) | 7.04% (2.38%, 11.71%) | 0.003 | |||
| Obesity | ||||||||
| Normal | 11.33% (10.70%, 11.99%) | <0.001 | 7.01% (6.24%, 7.84%) | <0.001 | 14.59% (13.65%, 15.56%) | <0.001 | 7.57% (6.35%, 8.80%) | <0.001 |
| Overweight | 15.50% (14.24%, 16.83%) | 10.16% (8.63%, 11.85%) | 20.04%(18.14%,22.04%) | 9.88%(7.39%,12.37%) | <0.001 | |||
| Obesity | 29.40% (26.73%, 32.17%) | 21.23% (17.84%, 24.93%) | 37.06% (33.09%, 41.17%) | 15.83% (10.58%, 21.09%) | <0.001 | |||
| Socioeconomic index | ||||||||
| Father's education level, ya | ||||||||
| ∼9 | 14.22% (13.40%, 15.07%) | 0.256 | 8.36% (7.23%, 9.59%) | 0.098 | 16.97% (15.91%, 18.08%) | 0.465 | 8.62% (7.04%, 10.20%) | <0.001 |
| ∼12 | 13.06% (12.13%, 14.04%) | 8.97% (7.93%, 10.09%) | 18.42% (16.79%, 20.13%) | 9.45% (7.49%, 11.41%) | <0.001 | |||
| ∼15 | 13.81% (12.04%, 15.74%) | 10.73% (8.61%, 13.16%) | 17.48% (14.60%, 20.66%) | 6.75% (3.06%, 10.44%) | <0.001 | |||
| >15 | 17.05% (9.87%, 26.55%) | 14.75% (6.98%, 26.17%) | 22.22% (8.62%, 42.26%) | 7.47% (−10.56%, 25.5%) | 0.417 | |||
| Father's occupationb | ||||||||
| Manager | 13.29% (11.18%, 15.64%) | 0.110 | 11.31% (8.34%, 14.89%) | 0.007 | 14.71% (11.84%, 17.97%) | 0.006 | 3.39% (−0.94%, 7.73%) | 0.125 |
| Worker | 14.82% (13.73%, 15.95%) | 8.25% (7.00%, 9.65%) | 19.80% (18.18%, 21.49%) | 11.55% (9.46%, 13.63%) | <0.001 | |||
| Technicist/researcher | 13.84% (11.11%, 16.94%) | 13.42% (10.16%, 17.27%) | 14.66% (9.97%, 20.49%) | 1.24% (−4.84%, 7.31%) | 0.689 | |||
| Farmer | 13.89% (12.90%, 14.92%) | 8.24% (6.98%, 9.66%) | 17.17% (15.81%, 18.59%) | 8.92% (7.02%, 10.82%) | <0.001 | |||
| Others | 12.60% (11.47%, 13.81%) | 9.20% (7.84%, 10.72%) | 16.12% (14.33%, 18.04%) | 6.92% (4.62%, 9.22%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mother's occupationc | ||||||||
| Manager | 13.76% (11.11%, 16.77%) | 0.096 | 10.79% (7.17%, 15.41%) | 0.104 | 15.75% (12.15%, 19.91%) | 0.268 | 4.87% (−0.54%, 10.28%) | 0.078 |
| Worker | 14.32% (13.18%, 15.52%) | 8.84% (7.51%, 10.31%) | 19.16% (17.40%, 21.01%) | 10.24% (8.00%, 12.49%) | <0.001 | |||
| Technicist/researcher | 16.74% (12.23%, 22.09%) | 15.15% (9.51%, 22.43%) | 18.69% (11.81%, 27.38%) | 3.54% (−6.05%, 13.13%) | 0.469 | |||
| Farmer | 12.74% (11.74%, 13.79%) | 8.79% (7.61%, 10.09%) | 16.73% (15.15%, 18.41%) | 8.06% (6.06%, 10.07%) | <0.001 | |||
| Others | 14.26% (13.27%, 15.29%) | 8.62% (7.33%, 10.06%) | 17.40% (16.06%, 18.79%) | 8.78% (6.89%, 10.68%) | <0.001 | |||
| Income, RMBd | ||||||||
| ∼500 | 16.26% (13.67%, 19.12%) | 0.009 | 9.78% (4.57%, 17.76%) | 0.880 | 17.18% (14.35%, 20.32%) | 0.988 | 7.40% (0.67%, 14.13%) | 0.031 |
| ∼1000 | 16.06% (14.17%, 18.09%) | 8.51% (5.28%, 12.84%) | 17.59% (15.44%, 19.90%) | 9.08% (4.89%, 13.26%) | <0.001 | |||
| ∼2000 | 15.13% (13.69%, 16.65%) | 8.29% (6.26%, 10.73%) | 17.65% (15.86%, 19.54%) | 9.35% (6.54%, 12.17%) | <0.001 | |||
| ∼3000 | 14.33% (13.04%, 15.69%) | 8.85% (7.20%, 10.73%) | 17.72% (15.93%, 19.62%) | 8.87% (6.37%, 11.37%) | <0.001 | |||
| >3000 | 13.00% (12.04%, 14.01%) | 9.50% (8.37%, 10.72%) | 17.13% (15.55%, 18.81%) | 7.64% (5.66%, 9.62%) | <0.001 | |||
| Living with grandparentse | ||||||||
| No | 13.97% (13.29%, 14.66%) | 0.039 | 9.27% (8.39%, 10.21%) | 0.355 | 17.06% (16.12%, 18.03%) | 0.099 | 7.79% (6.48%, 9.09%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 15.81% (14.16%, 17.57%) | 8.03% (5.85%, 10.70%) | 18.97% (16.86%, 21.23%) | 10.94% (7.78%, 14.11%) | <0.001 | |||
| People live with childf | ||||||||
| 1 | 15.44% (12.60%, 18.63%) | 0.106 | 9.09% (5.06%, 14.78%) | 0.687 | 17.72% (14.22%, 21.66%) | 0.802 | 8.62% (2.82%, 14.43%) | 0.004 |
| 2∼3 | 13.58% (12.73%, 14.46%) | 8.82% (7.76%, 9.98%) | 17.08% (15.85%, 18.36%) | 8.25% (6.60%, 9.91%) | <0.001 | |||
| 4 | 14.86% (13.89%, 15.88%) | 9.60% (8.25%, 11.08%) | 17.67% (16.37%, 19.02%) | 8.07% (6.16%, 9.97%) | <0.001 | |||
| Medical insuranceg | ||||||||
| No | 13.83% (13.16%, 14.52%) | 0.004 | 9.26% (8.39%, 10.19%) | 0.209 | 17.01% (16.06%, 17.99%) | 0.096 | 11.59% (8.28%, 14.91%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 16.41% (14.72%, 18.20%) | 7.31% (4.91%, 10.39%) | 18.88% (16.87%, 21.02%) | 7.79% (6.49%, 9.10%) | <0.001 | |||
| Perinatal measures | ||||||||
| Gestational hypertensionh | ||||||||
| No | 14.02% (13.38%, 14.67%) | 0.024 | 8.96% (8.12%, 9.84%) | 0.018 | 17.21% (16.33%, 18.12%) | 0.297 | 8.25% (7.02%, 9.48%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 20.00% (14.34%, 26.70%) | 18.18% (9.08%, 30.90%) | 20.83% (13.96%, 29.20%) | 2.65% (−9.87%, 15.17%) | 0.678 | |||
| Birth weight, gi | ||||||||
| ∼3000 | 15.59% (14.35%, 16.90%) | 0.026 | 9.89% (8.21%, 11.77%) | 0.110 | 18.75% (17.08%, 20.51%) | 0.149 | 8.86% (6.44%, 11.29%) | <0.001 |
| ∼3600 | 14.04% (13.09%, 15.03%) | 9.52% (8.29%, 10.87%) | 17.14% (15.81%, 18.54%) | 7.62% (5.76%, 9.47%) | <0.001 | |||
| >3600 | 13.35% (12.26%, 14.50%) | 7.70% (6.31%, 9.28%) | 16.58% (15.08%, 18.16%) | 8.88% (6.79%, 10.98%) | <0.001 | |||
| Breastfeeding, monthj | ||||||||
| 0∼3 | 13.74% (12.50%, 15.06%) | <0.001 | 10.42% (8.88%, 12.13%) | 0.090 | 17.05% (15.13%, 19.11%) | 0.084 | 6.63% (4.11%, 9.15%) | <0.001 |
| 4∼10 | 13.21% (12.33%, 14.13%) | 8.28% (7.16%, 9.50%) | 16.51% (15.26%, 17.81%) | 8.23% (6.53%, 9.93%) | <0.001 | |||
| >10 | 16.31% (15.06%, 17.63%) | 9.20% (7.32%, 11.38%) | 18.73% (17.20%, 20.33%) | 9.53% (7.02%, 12.03%) | <0.001 | |||
| Father with obesityk | ||||||||
| No | 14.02% (13.36%, 14.70%) | 0.149 | 8.99% (8.12%, 9.91%) | 0.126 | 17.14% (16.23%, 18.08%) | 0.263 | 8.42% (7.10%, 9.73%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 16.19% (14.17%, 18.38%) | 10.00% (7.41%, 13.11%) | 19.92% (17.14%, 22.93%) | 8.05% (4.91%, 11.20%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mother with obesityl | ||||||||
| No | 14.03% (13.35%, 14.73%) | 0.040 | 8.78% (7.88%, 9.73%) | 0.474 | 17.19% (16.26%, 18.16%) | 0.055 | 8.15% (6.88%, 9.43%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 15.29% (13.70%, 16.99%) | 10.52% (8.44%, 12.90%) | 18.57% (16.33%, 20.98%) | 9.92% (5.98%, 13.86%) | <0.001 | |||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Weekday, min/daym | ||||||||
| ∼10 | 14.89% (14.02%, 15.79%) | 0.028 | 9.26% (8.09%, 10.54%) | 0.637 | 17.99% (16.82%, 19.20%) | 0.141 | 8.73% (7.05%, 10.41%) | <0.001 |
| >10 | 13.47% (12.58%, 14.40%) | 8.86% (7.72%, 10.11%) | 16.68% (15.41%, 18.00%) | 7.82% (6.08%, 9.56%) | <0.001 | |||
| Weekend, min/dayn | ||||||||
| ∼55 | 14.37% (13.59%, 15.17%) | 0.560 | 8.91% (7.88%, 10.03%) | 0.590 | 17.43% (16.38%, 18.51%) | 0.900 | 8.52% (7.03%, 10.01%) | <0.001 |
| >55 | 13.97% (12.92%, 15.08%) | 9.38% (8.04%, 10.87%) | 17.31% (15.80%, 18.90%) | 7.92% (5.86%, 9.99%) | <0.001 | |||
| Total, min/weeko | ||||||||
| ∼150 | 14.83% (13.96%, 15.74%) | 0.050 | 9.17% (7.99%, 10.46%) | 0.808 | 17.87% (16.70%, 19.09%) | 0.247 | 8.70% (7.01%, 10.39%) | <0.001 |
| >150 | 13.57% (12.69%, 14.50%) | 8.96% (7.83%, 10.20%) | 16.84% (15.57%, 18.17%) | 7.88% (6.15%, 9.61%) | <0.001 | |||
aA total of 348 subjects having missing values in father's education level; bA total of 302 subjects having missing values in father's occupation. cA total of 286 subjects having missing values in mother's occupation. dA total of 1795 subjects having missing values in parents' income. eA total of 1728 subjects having missing values in living with grandparents. fA total of 1888 subjects having missing values in people live with child. gA total of 1777 subjects having missing values in medical insurance. hA total of 2123 subjects having missing values in gestational hypertension. iA total of 1755 subjects having missing values in birth weight. jA total of 1936 subjects having missing values in breastfeeding. kA total of 1868 subjects having missing values in father with obesity. lA total of 1869 subjects having missing values in mother with obesity. mA total of 1762 subjects having missing values in weekday activity. nA total of 1764 subjects having missing values in weekend activity. oA total of 1788 subjects having missing values in total activity