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PSA activated the AKT signaling pathway in MSCs during osteogenic differentiation. The phosphorylation levels of molecules in the AKT signaling pathway were significantly increased under stimulation with 250 ng/mL PSA. The phosphorylation levels of molecules in the ERK, Smad1/5/9, and catenin signaling pathways were unchanged after PSA treatment. * indicates P < .05 (n = 3 independent experiments with three different MSC lines)
