Table 5.
Summary of intervention and strategies for tertiary prevention of neurotrauma from primary studies (n = 40)
| High-income countries | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author | Year | Country | Study design/publication type | Intervention/strategy | Population | Setting | Provider |
| Bay | 2019 | USA | Experimental | Mindfulness-based group therapy | Adults with mild to moderate TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Trained facilitators with mental health and/or mindfulness backgrounds |
| Bedard | 2014 | Canada | Experimental | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy | Adults with a history of TBI | Community sites in three cities | Clinicians |
| Bombadier | 2009 | USA | Experimental | Telephone contact with patient- counselling, brief motivational interviewing and education | Adults and children with TBI | Patient’s home | Rehabilitation staff |
| Brett | 1998 | USA | Experimental | Cognitive rehabilitation | Students with TBI (from Grade 9-12) | Inter-city public school | Teacher |
| Caglio | 2012 | Italy | Descriptive | 3D video game with different navigational tasks | 24-year-old man with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Neuropsychologist |
| Cantor | 2014 | USA | Experimental | STEP: Short-Term Executive Plus (a cognitive rehabilitation programme) | Adults with a history of TBI | Medical centre | Licensed psychologists, psychology post-doctoral fellows |
| Chua | 1999 | Singapore | Observational | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Hospital | Rehabilitation team |
| Combs | 2018 | USA | Mixed-methods | Yoga and mindfulness | Adults with TBI | Veteran’s Affairs health care centres | Psychology post-doctoral fellow and Registered Yoga Teacher |
| Connor | 2016 | USA | Descriptive | Computer games and meta-cognitive training | Adults with TBI | Neurorehabilitation department | Speech therapist |
| Cooper | 2017 | USA | Experimental | Computerised cognitive rehabilitation, traditional cognitive rehabilitation and integrated cognitive rehabilitation | Adults service members with mild TBI | TBI clinic at Army Medical centre | Speech language pathologists, occupational therapists, doctoral psychologists, clinic staff |
| De Luca | 2019 | Italy | Descriptive | Conventional cognitive therapy in a computer-assisted rehabilitation environment | 15-year-old adolescent with severe TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Skilled neuropsychologist |
| Evald | 2015 | Denmark | Descriptive | Smartphone | Adults with TBI | City | Neuropsychologist |
| Fogelman | 2012 | USA | Discussion paper/report | Exercise therapy | Patients with mild TBI | Not reported | Not reported |
| Gabbatore | 2015 | Italy | Experimental | Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment | Adult patients with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Psychologist |
| Gardiner | 2015 | USA | Experimental | Neurologic Music therapy (NMT) | Military veterans who had been diagnosed with TBI | Veterans health centre | Musician who is a licensed psychologist, board-certified neuropsychologist trained in NMT |
| Goldshtrom | 2010 | USA | Descriptive | Rhythmex: Rhythmic exercises with auditory cues | 24-year-old female with TBI | Physical therapy clinic | Physical therapist |
| Hoosan | 2010 | UK | Qualitative | Return to work rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Brain injury service clinic | Occupational therapists |
| Keegan | 2019 | Australia | Experimental | INSIGHT: Improving Natural Social Interaction: Group reHabilitation after Traumatic Brain Injury | Adults with TBI | University clinic and other community settings | Speech-language pathologist |
| Kline | 2016 | USA | Discussion paper/report | Art therapy | Any survivor of TBI | Rehabilitation facility | Not reported |
| Linton | 2018 | USA | Experimental | Trabajadora de salud- solution focused brief therapy | Adults with TBI | Patient’s home | Lay health workers |
| Nayak | 2000 | USA | Experimental | Music therapy | Patients with history of moderate to severe TBI | Rehabilitation institute | Music therapist |
| Nelson | 2013 | USA | Experimental | Interactive metronome therapy | Soldiers with mild to moderate TBI | Medical centre | Neuropsychologist |
| Salazar | 2000 | USA | Experimental | In-hospital cognitive rehabilitation programme | Military personnel with moderate-to-severe closed head injury | Hospital | Board-certified psychiatrist, certified occupational therapist, speech pathologist and one rehab assistants |
| Saux | 2014 | Argentina | Descriptive | Cognitive rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Hospital | Neuropsychologist |
| Scheenen | 2017 | The Netherlands | Descriptive | UPFRONT-preventive Cognitive Behavioural Therapy | Adults with mild TBI | Medical centre | Experienced healthcare psychologist |
| Seguin | 2018 | Canada | Experimental | Ready! Set? Let’s Train!: a type of cognitive rehabilitation | Children aged 10–17 years | School or home | Neuropsychologist |
| Serino | 2007 | Italy | Experimental | Working Memory training | Adults with TBI | Rehabilitation Centre | Neuropsychologist |
| Solana | 2014 | Spain | Experimental | Intelligent assistant therapy | Adults with TBI | Hospital | – |
| Sullivan | 2014 | Australia | Qualitative | Real-life activities in rehabilitation | Young men with TBI | Home | Not reported |
| Swaine | 2000 | Canada | Experimental | Coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation | Children with TBI | Children’s Hospital | Multidisciplinary team |
| Thaut | 2009 | USA | Experimental | Neurologic music therapy | Adults with TBI | Not reported | Board-certified musical therapist |
| Tiwari | 2018 | USA | Descriptive | Home-based circuity training | 17-year-old with TBI | Home | School physical therapist |
| Twamley | 2014 | USA | Experimental | CogSMART: Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy | Veterans with history of TBI | Rehabilitation clinic | Not reported |
| Van Spanje | 2019 | The Netherlands | Observational | The Brainz programme: Cognitive and physical rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Home and rehabilitation centre | Cognitive trainer, pscyhomotor trainer or physiotherapist, family |
| Vik | 2018 | Norway | Experimental | Music training | Adults with mild TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Music instructor |
| Wood | 2011 | UK | Experimental | Implementation intentions and Goal Management training | Adults with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Doctoral student in clinical psychology |
| Yost | 2013 | USA | Qualitative | Qigong | Service members with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Qigong master |
| Low- and middle-income countries | |||||||
| Fernandez | 2012 | Cuba | Experimental | RehaCom: software for computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation | Adult patients with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Neuropsychologists |
| Hedge | 2014 | India | Discussion paper/report | Music-based cognitive remediation therapy | All patients with TBI | Not reported | Not reported |
| Soeker | 2017 | South Africa | Experimental | MOOSE: Model of Occupational Self-Efficacy | Adults with mild to moderate TBI | Occupational therapy department | Occupational therapist |
Note: USA United States of America, TBI traumatic brain injury, 3D three dimensional, UK United Kingdom