Table 1.

Study Characteristics in the Reviewed Studies

First author, year	Study design	Data source	Location	Time period	Race/ethnicity	Country of origin	Undocumented determination
Chavez, 1986	Cross-sectional	Snowball population-based sample recruited for in-home interviews	San Diego, CA	1981–1982	100% Latina	100% Mexico	Self-report
Geltman, 1999	Cross-sectional	Women consecutively approached in postpartum hospital wards	Boston, MA	Not disclosed	Not disclosed	54% United States 19% Haiti 6% Caribbean 5% Central America 4% Cape Verde 2% Puerto Rico	Self-report
Kalofonos, 1999	Cross-sectional	Health records and interviews with women who had given birth at the UCSD Medical Center	San Diego, CA	1997–1998	100% Latina	85% Mexico 15% United States	No social security number and/or self-report
Joyce, 2001	Ecological time-series	Birth Records	California New York City, NY Texas	1989–1998	100% Latina	United States Mexico Dominican Republic Other Latin American Countries (Proportions not disclosed)	Foreign-born and uninsured
Kelaher, 2002	Geographically defined retrospective cohort	MIC-Women's Health Services Clinical Records	New York City, NY	1997–1997	76% Latina 24% Latina and Black	31% Dominican Republic 26% United States 14% Mexico 9% Ecuador 5% El Salvador 4% Columbia 3% Honduras 3% Guatemala 5% Other South and Central American Countries	No social security number or resident status card at intake
Kuo, 2004	Cross-sectional	Women consecutively approached in postpartum hospital wards	Brooklyn, NY San Francisco, CA Miami, FL	1999–2001	100% Hispanic	57.7% Cuba 35.9% Mexico 26.1% Central America 13.4% Dominican Republic 10.8% South America [13% U.S.-born]	Self-report
Reed, 2005	Geographically defined retrospective cohort	Birth records linked to Medicaid claims	Colorado	1998–1999	Not disclosed	93% Mexicoa	Emergency Medicaid usage
Dang, 2011	Geographically defined retrospective cohort	CHIP Perinatal and Medicaid claims	Texas Gulf Coast Region	2008	43.9% Hispanicb 31.1% White non-Hispanic 23.3% Black non-Hispanic 1.5% Asian 0.3% American Indian 0.1% Other	Not disclosed	CHIP Prenatal Insurance
Flores, 2012	Geographically defined retrospective cohort	Birth records	Utah	2004–2007	84% White 16% Latina	81% Mexicoc	No social security number

^aAmong emergency Medicaid users. Country of origin for Medicaid users (both U.S.-born and presumably foreign-born documented not disclosed).

^bRace/ethnicity data only available for Medicaid claims. However, authors conducted a surname analysis and concluded and “overwhelming majority” of CHIP Prenatal are Hispanic.

^cAmong foreign-born Latinas (12.5% of study population).

CHIP, Children's Health Insurance Program.