Table 2:
Crude and adjusted associations of cell phone ownership with demographic factors, RCCS, 2010–2016
| Own Personal Cell Phone vs Not Owning Cell Phone | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||||
| Demographics | N | %† | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR § (95% CI) |
N | %† | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR § (95% CI) |
| Number of observations | 17290 | 67% | 16673 | 49% | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 15–19 | 1784 | 31% | 0.13 (0.11–0.14)*** | 0.22 (0.19–0.25)*** | 909 | 15% | 0.13 (0.12–0.15)*** | 0.13 (0.11–0.15)*** |
| 20–24 | 3232 | 75% | 0.78 (0.71–0.86)*** | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 2812 | 49% | 0.66 (0.61–0.70)*** | 0.58 (0.53–0.63)*** |
| 25–29 (reference) | 3279 | 79% | 1 | 1 | 3493 | 59% | 1 | 1 |
| 30–35 | 3032 | 79% | 1.04 (0.93–1.13) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 3467 | 62% | 1.15 (1.07–1.23)*** | 1.36(1.25–1.79)*** |
| 35–39 | 2702 | 78% | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 3000 | 66% | 1.32 (1.22–1.43)*** | 1.61(1.47–2.15)*** |
| 40+ | 3261 | 75% | 0.84 (0.75–0.94)** | 0.80 (0.70–0.90)*** | 2992 | 63% | 1.27 (1.16–1.38)*** | 1.64(1.48–2.71)*** |
| Round Number | ||||||||
| 14 (reference) | 4164 | 59% | 1 | 1 | 3457 | 39% | 1 | 1 |
| 15 | 4031 | 68% | 1.47 (1.39–1.56)*** | 1.50 (1.40–1.62)*** | 3924 | 53% | 1.68 (1.60–1.77)*** | 1.68 (1.58– 1.79)*** |
| 16 | 4258 | 68% | 1.62 (1.53–1.72)*** | 1.74 (1.61–1.87)*** | 4268 | 55% | 2.03 (1.93–2.13)*** | 2.02 (1.89– 2.15)*** |
| 17 | 4837 | 72% | 2.07 (1.95–2.20)*** | 2.29 (2.12–2.47)*** | 5024 | 60% | 2.56 (2.44–2.69)*** | 2.54 (2.38– 2.71)*** |
| Place of Residence | ||||||||
| Rural (reference) | 9280 | 64% | 1 | 1 | 7927 | 46% | 1 | 1 |
| Trading Centers | 8010 | 79% | 1.41 (1.30–1.50)*** | 1.13 (1.05–1.22)** | 8746 | 58% | 1.68 (1.59–1.77)*** | 1.28 (1.20– 1.36)*** |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||
| Low (reference) | 1587 | 48% | 1 | 1 | 1024 | 29% | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 4406 | 59% | 1.45 (1.34–1.57)*** | 1.29 (1.17–1.42)*** | 3229 | 38% | 1.53 (1.41–1.67)*** | 1.30 (1.18– 1.43)*** |
| High | 11297 | 75% | 2.69 (2.48–2.92)*** | 2.08 (1.88–2.29)*** | 12420 | 61% | 3.27 (3.01–3.55)*** | 2.25 (2.05– 2.48)*** |
| Educational Attainment | ||||||||
| None (reference) | 298 | 43% | 1 | 1 | 421 | 29% | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 9980 | 62% | 2.12 (1.76–2.55)*** | 3.27 (2.69–3.98)*** | 8506 | 46% | 2.05 (1.77–2.36)*** | 3.08 (2.64– 3.58)*** |
| Post-Primary | 7012 | 78% | 4.51 (3.73–5.45)*** | 8.51(6.91–10.49)*** | 7746 | 63% | 4.19 (3.63–4.85)*** | 7.86 (6.69– 9.24)*** |
| Current Marital Status | ||||||||
| Never Married (reference) | 4929 | 49% | 1 | 1 | 2535 | 34% | 1 | 1 |
| Currently Married | 11225 | 82% | 4.14 (3.88–4.41)*** | 1.86 (1.67–2.07)*** | 10332 | 54% | 2.11 (1.97–2.25)*** | 0.78 (0.71– 0.86)*** |
| Separated/Widowed | 1136 | 55% | 1.57 (1.42–1.73)*** | 0.72 (0.63–0.83)*** | 3806 | 66% | 3.48 (3.21–3.76)*** | 1.18 (1.06– 1.33)** |
| Primary Occupation | ||||||||
| Agriculture | 5131 | 64% | 1 | 1 | 6382 | 44% | 1 | 1 |
| Admin/Teaching | 1529 | 97% | 10.8 (8.34–13.98)*** | 4.34 (3.20–5.88)*** | 1883 | 90% | 7.99 (6.92–9.23)*** | 3.76 (3.18– 4.44)*** |
| Student | 2189 | 41% | 0.42 (0.39–0.45)*** | 0.59 (0.53–0.66)*** | 821 | 20% | 0.34 (0.31–0.37)*** | 0.60 (0.53– 0.68)*** |
| Business | 3645 | 85% | 2.40 (2.19–2.62)*** | 2.04 (1.84–2.26)*** | 4776 | 70% | 2.40 (2.26–2.56)*** | 2.02 (1.87– 2.17)*** |
| Other | 4796 | 72% | 1.41 (1.31–1.52)*** | 1.47 (1.35–1.60)*** | 2811 | 59% | 1.66 (1.56–1.78)*** | 1.49 (1.37– 1.62)*** |
Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
*
P-value <0.05,
**
<0.01, and
***
<0.001.
†
The percentages are given as row percent representing the proportions of owning a personal cell phone among all the observations within each characteristic category.
§
Odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 indicates a greater likelihood of owning a phone. OR less than 1 indicates a lower likelihood of owning a phone.
§
The OR ratios were adjusted for age group, visit rounds, place of residence, SES, religion, education, current marital status, and occupation.