Table 2a:
Crude and adjusted associations of cell phone ownership with demographic factors for younger and older RCCS participants, 2010–2016
| Own Personal Cell Phone vs Not Owning Cell Phone | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 15–24 years | Age 25+ years | |||||||
| Demographics | N | %† | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR § (95% CI) |
N | %† | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR § (95% CI) |
| Number of observations | 8737 | 40% | 25226 | 69% | ||||
| Gender (years) | ||||||||
| Men (reference) | 5016 | 50% | 1 | 1 | 12274 | 78% | 1 | 1 |
| Women | 3721 | 32% | 0.48 (0.45–0.51)*** | 0.23 (0.21–0.25)*** | 12952 | 62% | 0.48 (0.45–0.51)*** | 0.43(0.41–0.46)*** |
| Round Number | ||||||||
| 14 (reference) | 1699 | 30% | 1 | 1 | 5922 | 58% | 1 | 1 |
| 15 | 2066 | 42% | 1.73 (1.60–1.86)*** | 1.56 (1.43–1.70)*** | 5889 | 71% | 1.62 (1.55–1.70)*** | 1.58 (1.49– 1.67)*** |
| 16 | 2264 | 42% | 2.04 (1.89–2.20)*** | 2.09 (1.92–2.28)*** | 6262 | 72% | 1.85 (1.76–1.94)*** | 1.80 (1.70– 1.90)*** |
| 17 | 2708 | 48% | 2.71 (2.51–2.92)*** | 3.01 (2.76–3.28)*** | 7153 | 76% | 2.24 (2.14–2.35)*** | 2.14 (2.02– 2.27)*** |
| Place of Residence | ||||||||
| Rural (reference) | 4288 | 36% | 1 | 1 | 12919 | 65% | 1 | 1 |
| Trading center | 4449 | 45% | 1.48 (1.40–1.58)*** | 1.20 (1.12–1.29)*** | 12307 | 74% | 1.61 (1.52–1.70)*** | 1.24 (1.16– 1.32)*** |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||
| Low (reference) | 657 | 27% | 1 | 1 | 1954 | 44% | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 1842 | 31% | 1.25 (1.12–2.60)*** | 1.13 (1.01–1.28)* | 5793 | 57% | 1.63 (1.52–1.75)*** | 1.38 (1.28– 1.49)*** |
| High | 6238 | 46% | 2.35 (2.13–1.39)*** | 1.69 (1.51–1.90)*** | 17479 | 80% | 3.70 (3.45–3.98)*** | 2.47 (2.28– 2.67)*** |
| Educational Attainment | ||||||||
| None (reference) | 43 | 19% | 1 | 1 | 676 | 35% | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 4264 | 35% | 2.09 (1.47–2.96)*** | 3.00 (2.05–4.40)*** | 14222 | 63% | 3.37 (2.99–3.80)*** | 2.91 (2.56– 3.30)*** |
| Post-Primary | 4430 | 48% | 3.83 (2.70–5.44)*** | 8.53(5.80–12.55)*** | 10328 | 85% | 11.79(10.34–13.44)*** | 7.12 (6.19– 8.18)*** |
| Current Marital Status | ||||||||
| Never Married (reference) | 5318 | 37% | 1 | 1 | 2146 | 70% | 1 | 1 |
| Currently Married | 2976 | 45% | 1.48 (1.39–1.58)*** | 1.57 (1.44–1.72)*** | 18581 | 70% | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 1.28 (1.16– 1.41)*** |
| Separated/Widowed | 443 | 59% | 2.49 (2.15–2.89)*** | 2.65 (2.23–3.16)*** | 4499 | 64% | 0.82 (0.74–0.90)*** | 1.23 (1.10– 1.37)*** |
| Primary Occupation | ||||||||
| Agriculture | 1754 | 34% | 1 | 1 | 9759 | 56% | 1 | 1 |
| Admin/Teaching | 514 | 86% | 11.8 (9.24–15.03)*** | 6.56 (5.07–8.49)*** | 2898 | 94% | 7.90 (6.80–9.18)*** | 3.46 (2.92– 4.10)*** |
| Student | 2305 | 27% | 0.67 (0.62–0.72)*** | 0.34 (0.31–0.38)*** | 705 | 85% | 3.51 (2.94–4.19)*** | 1.61 (1.32– 1.97)*** |
| Business | 1922 | 63% | 3.18 (2.89–3.50)*** | 2.54 (2.28–2.83)*** | 6499 | 80% | 2.29 (2.16–2.43)*** | 1.86 (1.74– 1.98)*** |
| Other | 2242 | 54% | 2.19 (2.00–2.38)*** | 1.59 (1.44–1.75)*** | 5365 | 75% | 1.90 (1.79–2.02)*** | 1.32 (1.23– 1.41)*** |
Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
*
P-value <0.05,
**
<0.01, and
***
<0.001.
†
The percentages are given as row percent representing the proportions of owning a personal cell phone among all the observations within each characteristic category.
§
Odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 indicates a greater likelihood of owning a phone. OR less than 1 indicates a lower likelihood of owning a phone.
§
The OR ratios were adjusted for visit rounds, place of residence, SES, religion, education, current marital status, and occupation.