Figure 7.

Astaxanthin (5 µM) can modulate the insulin signaling pathway in C2C12 cells. Cell lysates with different treatments were probed for insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) Tyr phosphorylation (A), IRS Ser phosphorylation-1 (A), JNK phosphorylation (B), Akt phosphorylation (C), and the corresponding total protein levels. Representative Western blots are shown from 6 independent experiments for each set. The summary of all experiments performed are presented in the respective graphs using densitometric quantification. Values are expressed as the ratio of phosphorylated protein relative to total protein. D, The phosphorylation of IRS-1 Tyr, IRS Ser, JNK, and Akt of SM in mice were assessed by Western blot. Data were presented as means ± standard error of mean (SEM) from 6 independent experiments. *P < .05, **P < .01. I indicates insulin.