Table 7.
Common microbial pathogens in pneumonia.
A. Community acquired pneumonia | |
Bacterial | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Haemophilus influenzae | |
Legionella spp. | |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | |
Chlamydia pneumoniae | |
Staphylococcus aureus | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | |
Viral | Influenza virus |
Respiratory Syncytial virus | |
Metapneumovirus | |
Coronavirus | |
Rhinovirus | |
Adenovirus | |
Other | Mycobacterium tuberculosis—in TB endemic areas |
B. Hospital acquired pneumonia | |
In addition to pathogens implicated in CAP | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Acinetobacter baumannii | |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | |
Enterobacteriaceae | |
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus | |
C. Immunocompromised host | |
In addition to pathogens implicated in CAP and HAP: | |
Fungal | Pneumocystis jirovecii |
Aspergillus spp. | |
Cryptococcus neoformans | |
Endemic fungi e.g., histoplasmosis, cocciodiomycosis (geographically restricted) | |
Viral | Cytomegalovirus |
Varicella | |
Herpes | |
Parasitic | Strongyloides stercoralis |
Toxoplasma gondii | |
Bacterial | Nocardia asteroides |
Rhodococcus eui | |
Bordetella pertussis | |
Pasteurella multocida | |
Mycobacterial | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria |