Table 5.

Characteristics of hydroxyapatite obtained from mammalian sources

No.	Source(animal+ extraction method)	Calcium/phosphorus ratio	Shape	Calcination (T/°C)
1	Bovine, sheep and hen femur bone +sheep skull.	1.46–2.01	Irregular	600-1100 [65]
2	Defatted pork bone pulp	—	—	650-950 [66]
3	Cow bone by (a) hydrothermal hydrolysis (b) subcritical H2O extraction (c) thermal decomposition	1.52–1.9	Nanorods	[67] 250 275 750
4	Cow bone	1.9	—	1000 [68]
5	Defatted bovine bone	1.7	Needle shaped	800 [69]
6	Cow bone through thermal and mechanochemical way	—	Spheroidal and polygonal	800 [70]
7	Bovine bone through transferred arc plasma	1.93	—	[71]
8	Human, pig and porcine bones	—	—	600-1200 [72]
9	Bovine bones by ball milling	—	Spherical	800-1100 [73]
10	Cortical femoral bovine bone	—	Equiaxial	900 [74]
11	NaOH-treated bovine bone	>3	Interconnected with pores	900 [75]
12	Cow femur bone	Almost 1.6	Round	[76]