Table 1.

Causes of intracranial hypertension based on their pathological mechanism

Mechanism	Etiology
Venous obstruction	Sinus venous or jugular vein thrombosis
Increased brain volume	Brain tumor, abscess, empyema, intracerebral hemorrhage
Increased blood volume	Hypercapnia, anoxia, severe anemia, hyperperfusion syndrome, arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula
Mass effect	Subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, empyema, tension pneumocephalus
Cerebral edema
Cytotoxic	Ischemic stroke, anoxic encephalopathy, fulminant hepatic failure
Vasogenic	Hypertensive encephalopathy, brain tumor, abscess, encephalitis
Transependymal	Subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Osmotic	Hyponatremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, osmotherapy rebound effect