. 2020 May 21;34(5):741–757. doi: 10.1007/s00540-020-02795-7

Table 2.

Clinical manifestations of intracranial hypertension

Symptoms and signs	Comments
Headache	Often described as throbbing or bursting, exacerbated by coughing, sneezing, recumbency or exertion and in the morning
Nausea and vomiting	Projectile, not relieved by medication
Diplopia	Result of VI nerve palsy
Decreased level of consciousness	Drowsiness to coma, better correlation with the degree of midline shift, rather than a specific level of ICP elevation
Papilledema	Reliable sign but may develop after several days of increased ICP
Pupillary dilatation	III cranial nerve palsy
Downward deviation of the eyes	Due to dysfunction of the upgaze centers in the dorsal midbrain
Cushing's triad Severe hypertension Bradycardia Irregular respiration	Late and ominous sign of brain stem compression (brain herniation)