Fig 3. Mean ROS/RNS concentration in bees that were exposed (contact exposure) to Transform^® (active ingredient sulfoxaflor), Sivanto^™ (active ingredient flupyradifurone) and water (Control) in the (a) 6-hour and (b) 10-day contact exposure experiments.

Error bars indicate SEM. Different alphabets indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05, as analyzed by Tukey’s Post Hoc tests. * indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.