Fig 4. Mean caspase-3 activity in bees exposed to Transform^® (active ingredient sulfoxaflor), Sivanto^™ (active ingredient flupyradifurone) and water (Control) in the (a) 6-hours and (b) 10-days contact exposure studies.

Error bars indicate SEM. Different alphabets indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05, as analyzed by Tukey’s Post Hoc tests. * indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.