Figure 3.

LGCM to test the initial values (intercept, ‘i’) and longitudinal changes (slope, ‘s’) in scores of the ACE-R across all sample. Circles indicate latent variables, rectangles indicate observed variables, and triangles denote intercepts (1 = population means on the parameters). Thick single-headed arrows indicate regressions while thick double-headed arrows indicate variance and covariance (grey for intercept and black for slope). Values in Roman are standardized parameter estimates, and values in italics are unstandardized parameter estimates (with standard errors in parentheses). The annual rate of change was positively associated with performance at baseline (lower initial cognitive scores were associated with a higher annual rate of cognitive changes).