Table 2.
The association between the number of non-communicable diseases and health service use and spending in China, 2011–15
|
Number of outpatient visits |
Inpatient hospital days |
Catastrophic health expenditure |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted incidence rate ratio* | p value | Adjusted incidence rate ratio* | p value | Adjusted odds ratio* | p value | ||
| Number of non-communicable diseases | 1·29 (1·27–1·31) | <0·0001 | 1·38 (1·35–1·41) | <0·0001 | 1·29 (1·26–1·32) | <0·0001 | |
| Age, per 5 years | 1·00 (0·98–1·02) | 0·85 | 1·17 (1·15–1·20) | <0·0001 | 1·14 (1·12–1·17) | <0·0001 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Female | 1·24 (1·17–1·31) | <0·0001 | 0·93 (0·87–1·01) | 0·079 | 0·97 (0·90–1·04) | 0·42 | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Unmarried or other | 1·03 (0·95–1·11) | 0·53 | 0·97 (0·87–1·07) | 0·52 | 0·40 (0·35–0·46) | <0·0001 | |
| Education | |||||||
| Primary school and below | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Secondary school | 0·99 (0·92–1·06) | 0·74 | 0·97 (0·88–1·08) | 0·57 | 1·01 (0·92–1·11) | 0·84 | |
| College and above | 1·00 (0·90–1·11) | 0·99 | 0·85 (0·74–0·98) | 0·026 | 0·91 (0·80–1·04) | 0·17 | |
| Residence status | |||||||
| Urban | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Rural | 1·29 (1·15–1·43) | <0·0001 | 1·01 (0·88–1·16) | 0·87 | 1·29 (1·12–1·48) | 0·0010 | |
| Rural-to-urban | 1·23 (1·10–1·39) | 0·0010 | 1·15 (0·99–1·34) | 0·064 | 1·12 (0·96–1·31) | 0·15 | |
| Economic development region | |||||||
| Group 1 (most affluent) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Group 2 | 1·06 (0·95–1·18) | 0·28 | 1·19 (1·02–1·38) | 0·028 | 1·22 (1·06–1·41) | 0·0070 | |
| Group 3 | 0·96 (0·85–1·08) | 0·50 | 1·51 (1·29–1·78) | <0·0001 | 1·23 (1·05–1·43) | 0·011 | |
| Group 4 | 1·27 (1·15–1·40) | <0·0001 | 1·52 (1·32–1·75) | <0·0001 | 1·32 (1·15–1·50) | <0·0001 | |
| Group 5 (most deprived) | 1·00 (0·89–1·13) | 0·95 | 1·70 (1·45–1·20) | <0·0001 | 1·04 (0·89–1·22) | 0·63 | |
| Socioeconomic group | |||||||
| Quartile 1 (the lowest) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Quartile 2 | 1·10 (1·03–1·18) | 0·0080 | 1·16 (1·05–1·28) | 0·0040 | 0·97 (0·88–1·06) | 0·45 | |
| Quartile 3 | 1·09 (1·01–1·17) | 0·023 | 1·48 (1·35–1·63) | <0·0001 | 1·01 (0·92–1·11) | 0·83 | |
| Quartile 4 (the highest) | 1·20 (1·11–1·29) | <0·0001 | 1·77 (1·61–1·96) | <0·0001 | 0·99 (0·89–1·09) | 0·80 | |
| Health insurance | |||||||
| None | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance | 1·31 (1·11–1·55) | 0·0010 | 1·56 (1·27–1·90) | <0·0001 | 0·98 (0·79–1·21) | 0·84 | |
| Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance | 1·25 (1·05–1·48) | 0·013 | 1·35 (1·09–1·67) | 0·0060 | 1·14 (0·91–1·42) | 0·25 | |
| New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme | 1·39 (1·22–1·58) | <0·0001 | 1·36 (1·16–1·60) | <0·0001 | 1·34 (1·14–1·57) | <0·0001 | |
| Others† | 1·35 (1·09–1·68) | 0·0060 | 1·19 (0·91–1·57) | 0·20 | 0·87 (0·65–1·17) | 0·35 | |
*
Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, residence, socioeconomic status quartiles, health insurance, and economic development regions.
†
Examples include government health care, private medical insurance.