Table 5.
Behavioral and cognitive characteristics according to urinary bisphenol A concentration in subgroups of control and ADHD
| Tertile group of urine bisphenol A | Control | ADHD | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Q1 (n = 93) | Q2 (n = 82) | Q3 (n = 74) | F | p value | Q1 (n = 55) | Q2 (n = 65) | Q3 (n = 75) | F | p value | |
| K-ARS | ||||||||||
| Total | 5.4 ± 8.6 | 8.1 ± 8.7 | 9.9 ± 9.4 | 5.41 | 0.005** | 22.7 ± 8.9 | 24.2 ± 8.8 | 24.9 ± 8.3 | 1.06 | 0.348 |
| Hyperactivity-Impulsivity | 2.1 ± 3.9 | 3.5 ± 4.4 | 4.1 ± 4.6 | 4.62 | 0.011* | 9.7 ± 4.5 | 11.0 ± 4.8 | 11.1 ± 4.9 | 1.59 | 0.206 |
| Inattention | 3.3 ± 5.0 | 4.6 ± 4.7 | 5.8 ± 5.3 | 5.35 | 0.005** | 12.9 ± 5.3 | 13.2 ± 5.1 | 13.7 ± 4.8 | 0.43 | 0.652 |
| BASC-2 | ||||||||||
| Externalizing problems | 42.8 ± 5.8 | 45.3 ± 9.0 | 46.8 ± 9.0 | 5.27 | 0.006** | 54.1 ± 9.8 | 55.1 ± 9.9 | 53.5 ± 9.0 | 0.50 | 0.604 |
| Internalizing problems | 40.9 ± 7.0 | 43.0 ± 7.9 | 45.0 ± 10.4 | 4.70 | 0.010* | 47.3 ± 9.7 | 46.1 ± 8.9 | 48.2 ± 9.4 | 0.89 | 0.412 |
| Behavioral symptom index | 44.5 ± 7.0 | 47.1 ± 9.6 | 48.3 ± 9.4 | 4.18 | 0.016* | 54.9 ± 9.2 | 55.8 ± 9.5 | 55.9 ± 8.9 | 0.21 | 0.809 |
| Adaptive skills | 47.9 ± 7.8 | 47.3 ± 9.8 | 47.1 ± 9.2 | 0.17 | 0.846 | 41.7 ± 8.0 | 40.5 ± 8.0 | 40.1 ± 8.2 | 0.65 | 0.521 |
| ADS | ||||||||||
| Visual omission error | 51.9 ± 15.1 | 53.0 ± 21.0 | 52.7 ± 18.0 | 0.08 | 0.923 | 65.2 ± 25.8 | 67.2 ± 22.6 | 76.6 ± 38.1 | 2.72 | 0.069 |
| Visual comission error | 50.5 ± 14.9 | 51.9 ± 14.7 | 54.8 ± 23.6 | 1.19 | 0.306 | 66.7 ± 26.3 | 64.5 ± 22.1 | 75.4 ± 26.2 | 3.66 | 0.027* |
| Auditory omission error | 48.9 ± 10.5 | 45.1 ± 8.9 | 46.2 ± 11.4 | 3.22 | 0.042* | 55.7 ± 13.1 | 60.0 ± 16.8 | 59.7 ± 19.1 | 1.21 | 0.301 |
| Auditory comission error | 45.9 ± 9.1 | 44.1 ± 11.5 | 46.7 ± 18.5 | 0.80 | 0.450 | 52.7 ± 12.8 | 54.8 ± 14.9 | 59.5 ± 20.8 | 2.77 | 0.065 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; K-ARS, Korean version of the Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition; ADS, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic System.
*
p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.