Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects

Variable	PD (n = 30)	HCs (n = 30)	Statistics	p value
Sex
Male	18 (60.0)	18 (60.0)	x 2 < 0.001	1.000
Female	12 (40.0)	12 (40.0)
Age (yr)	39.6 ± 13.4	41.8 ± 12.5	t= −0.66	0.512
Intracranial volume (ml)	1,510.0 ± 126.5	1,526.5 ± 132.8	t= −0.48	0.631
Years of education (yr)	14.1 ± 2.2	16.0 ± 0.9	t= −4.40	< 0.001
Duration of illness (mo)	64.9 ± 104.3
Agoraphobia	12 (40.0)
Family history of anxiety disorder	6 (20.0)	0 (0)		0.305a
Baseline ETISR-SF	5.3 ± 4.4	3.0 ± 3.5	t= 1.47	0.150
General trauma	1.6 ± 2.0	0.7 ± 0.8	t= 1.40	0.169
Physical trauma	2.0 ± 1.8	1.5 ± 1.9	t= 0.76	0.454
Emotional trauma	1.5 ± 1.8	0.7 ± 1.6	t= 1.22	0.232
Sexual trauma	0.2 ± 0.6	0.1 ± 0.3	t= 0.49	0.624
Baseline ASI-R total score	44.1 ± 23.4	2.3 ± 3.6	t= 9.55	< 0.001
Fear of respiratory symptom	16.5 ± 10.8	0.3 ± 0.6	t= 8.21	< 0.001
Fear of cardiovascular symptom	10.5 ± 8.6	0.9 ± 2.2	t= 5.72	< 0.001
Fear of publicly observable anxiety reaction	11.2 ± 8.0	1.1 ± 2.1	t= 6.47	< 0.001
Fear of cognitive dyscontrol	5.8 ± 5.9	0.0 ± 0.0	t= 5.44	< 0.001
Baseline APPQ total score	49.1 ± 36.9	9.1 ± 6.9	t= 5.71	< 0.001
Agoraphobia	18.2 ± 15.8	2.6 ± 2.0	t= 5.34	< 0.001
Social phobia	17.0 ± 15.5	4.3 ± 4.2	t= 4.18	< 0.001
Interoceptive fear	13.8 ± 12.2	2.3 ± 2.2	t= 5.02	< 0.001
Baseline BAI total score	23.8 ± 15.8	0.9 ± 1.6	t= 7.83	< 0.001
Baseline BDI-II total score	16.6 ± 10.3	2.3 ± 2.4	t= 7.19	< 0.001
Baseline SSI total score	4.8 ± 7.6	0.2 ± 0.4	t= 3.29	0.003

Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation.

PD, panic disorder; HCs, healthy controls; ETISR-SF, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form; ASI-R, Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory-Revised; APPQ, Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; SSI, Scale for Suicidal Ideation.

^aFisher’s exact p.