Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Outcome Variables
| TranS-C | PE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pretreatment | Posttreatment | 6-month follow-up | Pretreatment | Posttreatment | 6-month follow-up | |
| Outcome | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Sleep and Circadian Outcomes | ||||||
| TST weeknights (min)* | 459.06 (64.92) | 482.76 (82.55) | 436.63 (58.15) | 454.96 (61.51) | 464.81 (76.01) | 430.57 (60.63) |
| BT weeknights (hr:min)* | 22:52 (1:04) | 22.51 (0:59) | 22:59 (1:07) | 22:59 (1:03) | 23:02 (1:07) | 22:56 (0:56) |
| CMEP* | 21.09 (3.76) | 25.08 (4.86) | 25.33 (4.77) | 21.52 (3.86) | 23.44 (4.82) | 23.93 (4.32) |
| TST weeknight-weekend discrepancy | −70.39 (113.10) | −31.16 (115.19) | −74.21 (70.71) | −48.91 (89.28) | −56.46 (106.25) | −70.98 (133.91) |
| BT weeknight-weekend discrepancy | −0.79 (1.23) | −0.68 (1.41) | −0.39 (0.98) | −0.58 (1.13) | −0.51 (1.09) | −0.55 (1.89) |
| WUP weeknight-weekend discrepancy | −1.91 (1.36) | −1.13 (1.29) | −1.55 (1.19) | −1.42 (1.28) | −1.32 (1.55) | −1.78 (1.38) |
| Sleepiness | 6.20 (4.52) | 4.67 (3.98) | 3.56 (4.02) | 6.15 (4.01) | 6.37 (4.71) | 4.80 (4.84) |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 7.58 (2.99) | 5.85 (2.56) | 4.88 (3.03) | 7.58 (3.03) | 6.75 (3.48) | 6.00 (3.97) |
| CBCL Sleep Composite | 3.32 (2.03) | 1.84 (1.86) | 2.10 (2.14) | 3.24 (2.13) | 2.54 (1.92) | 2.11 (1.95) |
| Youth Self-Report Composite Risk Score* | ||||||
| Emotional health | ||||||
| Children’s Depression Rating Scale | 33.90 (9.34) | 27.01 (8.72) | 25.87 (7.68) | 33.08 (9.90) | 27.00 (8.16) | 26.63 (10.08) |
| Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children | 46.51 (17.73) | 45.45 (17.10) | 42.28 (20.28) | 45.98 (15.99) | 44.74 (18.03) | 40.63 (18.18) |
| Composite* | 0.36 (0.90) | −0.07 (0.79) | −0.24 (0.82) | 0.28 (0.81) | −0.11 (0.79) | −0.25 (0.89) |
| Cognitive health | ||||||
| Attention Control Scale | 50.56 (8.23) | 52.18 (8.09) | 51.25 (8.67) | 51.24 (7.22) | 51.29 (7.77) | 52.70 (10.10) |
| YSAS (school/cognitive) | 11.68 (2.95) | 11.69 (3.14) | 10.21 (3.65) | 11.90 (2.83) | 12.49 (2.94) | 10.68 (3.72) |
| Composite* | 0.10 (0.79) | −0.001 (0.82) | −0.18 (0.75) | 0.07 (0.65) | 0.17 (0.80) | −0.19 (1.00) |
| Behavioral health | ||||||
| Sensation Seeking Scale | 27.28 (5.97) | 27.35 (6.61) | 26.50 (6.45) | 26.36 (6.22) | 27.51 (7.04) | 25.96 (6.65) |
| Alcohol and Substance Use | 5.76 (8.24) | 5.51 (8.10) | 5.60 (7.93) | 5.67 (6.62) | 6.26 (8.37) | 5.46 (7.68) |
| Composite* | 0.03 (0.80) | 0.02 (0.83) | −0.03 (0.79) | −0.04 (0.77) | 0.09 (0.92) | −0.08 (0.85) |
| Social health | ||||||
| YSAS: Friends | 18.53 (4.58) | 17.73 (3.69) | 17.22 (4.21) | 18.81 (4.98) | 18.68 (4.82) | 17.12 (4.94) |
| YSAS: Family | 11.92 (3.50) | 11.33 (3.56) | 10.97 (3.29) | 12.34 (3.67) | 11.68 (4.17) | 10.74 (3.70) |
| YSAS: Romantic | 7.34 (2.03) | 7.62 (1.78) | 6.79 (2.41) | 7.59 (1.69) | 7.62 (1.85) | 6.80 (2.36) |
| Composite* | 0.06 (0.59) | −0.0001 (0.60) | −0.20 (0.62) | 0.18 (0.70) | 0.11 (0.68) | −0.22 (0.72) |
| Physical health | ||||||
| Modifiable Activity Questionnaire | 3.36 (5.35) | 4.20 (8.22) | 5.31 (8.78) | 2.83 (4.31) | 3.40 (5.11) | 3.58 (3.97) |
| Physical Health Questionnaire | 9.30 (5.37) | 7.97 (5.01) | 6.42 (4.88) | 8.58 (4.40) | 7.01 (4.33) | 6.00 (5.09) |
| Composite* | 0.20 (0.68) | 0.01 (0.87) | −0.25 (0.93) | 0.18 (0.58) | −0.02 (0.57) | −0.15 (0.63) |
| Parent-Reported Composite Risk Score | ||||||
| Emotional Health | ||||||
| Anxious/Depressed | 3.13 (3.48) | 2.61 (2.97) | 2.79 (3.22) | 4.11 (3.78) | 3.61 (3.56) | 3.36 (2.88) |
| Withdrawn/Depressed | 2.83 (2.84) | 2.49 (2.54) | 2.57 (2.88) | 3.14 (2.77) | 2.99 (2.72) | 3.09 (2.68) |
| Composite | −0.03 (0.94) | −0.17 (0.80) | −0.13 (0.92) | 0.17 (0.93) | 0.07 (0.89) | 0.05 (0.83) |
| Cognitive Health | ||||||
| Thought problems | 3.56 (2.59) | 2.38 (2.31) | 2.57 (2.78) | 3.75 (2.73) | 3.60 (2.90) | 2.92 (2.63) |
| Attention problems | 4.23 (3.61) | 4.01 (3.85) | 4.03 (3.86) | 4.17 (4.13) | 4.33 (4.30) | 4.07 (4.26) |
| Composite | 0.08 (0.80) | −0.16 (0.81) | −0.12 (0.90) | 0.11 (0.89) | 0.10 (0.96) | −0.05 (0.91) |
| Behavioral Health | ||||||
| Rule-Breaking Behavior | 1.91 (2.31) | 1.39 (1.87) | 1.97 (2.31) | 1.98 (2.16) | 2.31 (2.61) | 1.85 (2.33) |
| Aggressive Behavior | 3.84 (4.02) | 3.62 (4.22) | 3.84 (4.32) | 4.54 (4.52) | 3.76 (3.73) | 3.69 (3.85) |
| Composite | −0.005 (0.91) | −0.14 (0.86) | 0.01 (0.96) | 0.09 (0.88) | 0.07 (0.92) | −0.03 (0.87) |
| Social Health | ||||||
| Social Problems | 1.36 (1.52) | 1.24 (1.81) | 1.25 (1.72) | 1.86 (2.15) | 1.83 (2.49) | 1.44 (1.91) |
| Composite | −0.07 (0.77) | −0.13 (0.92) | −0.13 (0.88) | 0.18 (1.09) | 0.16 (1.27) | −0.03 (0.97) |
| Physical Health | ||||||
| Somatic Complaints | 2.89 (3.11) | 2.14 (2.75) | 1.94 (2.45) | 2.49 (2.74) | 2.01 (2.43) | 1.93 (2.12) |
| Composite | 0.24 (1.17) | −0.04 (1.04) | −0.12 (0.93) | 0.09 (1.04) | −0.09 (0.92) | −0.12 (0.80) |
Notes.
*
and bold indicate primary outcomes of the trial. Additional summary statistics (N for each variable, median and range for skewed and count outcomes) are presented in Table S2. TST = total sleep time; BT = bedtime. WUP = wakeup time. Sleepiness = Sleepiness subscale from School Sleep Habits Survey. CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist (parent-report). CMEP = Children’s Morningness–Eveningness Preferences. YSAS = Youth Social Adjustment Scale.