Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Youth Adolesc. 2020 Apr 13;49(6):1146–1161. doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01232-y

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies on externalizing behavior problems in children of teen mothers

Study first author (year) Country Sample size Study demographics
1. Female %
2. Race 3. Child age (mean)
4. % of children born to teen mothersa
5. Range of maternal age at birth (mean ± SD)a 		Operationalization of externalizing behaviors Study design
Agnafors (2019)e Sweden 1,723

  1. Female = NRb

  2. Race = NRb

  3. 3 months-3 years old

  4. MASC < 21 (vs. ≥ 21) = 3.5%

  5. Range = NR

  • Broad-span externalizing behavior

 Longitudinal
Chudal (2015) Finland 49,544

  1. Female % = NR

  2. Race = NR

  3. 4–20 years old

  4. MASC < 20 (vs. ≥ 20–33.5) = 3.3%

  5. 14 to 47 (27.8 ± 5.7)

  • ADHD

 Longitudinal
Galéra (2011)ce Canada 1,665

  1. Female 49.3%

  2. Race = NR

  3. 17 months-8 years old

  4. MASC < 21 (vs. ≥ 21) = 11.1%

  5. Range = NR

  • Hyperactivity

  • Inattention

  • Impulsivity

 Longitudinal
Guèvremont (2012)de Canada 742

  1. Female % = NR

  2. Inuit 100%

  3. 2–5 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 41.24%

  5. 12 to 25 or older

  • Hyperactivity

  • Inattention

  • Conduct problems

 Cross-sectional
Guèvremont (2013a)de Canada 1,816

  1. Female % = NR

  2. Off-Reserve First Nations 100%

  3. 2–5 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 29.92%

  5. 12 to 25 or older

  • Hyperactivity

  • Inattention

  • Conduct problems

 Cross-sectional
Guèvremont (2013b)de Canada 2,189

  1. Female % = NR

  2. Off-Reserve First Nations 100%

  3. 2–5 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 30.03%

  5. 12 to 25 or older

  • Hyperactivity

  • Inattention

  • Conduct problems

 Cross-sectional
Hao (2006)cde United States 4,354

  1. Female 49%

  2. African American 31%

  3. 6–14 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 3%

  5. Range = NR

  • Broad-span externalizing behavior

 Longitudinal
Harachi (2006)cde United States 984

  1. Female 35.14%

  2. White 81%

    Asian 7%

    Hispanic 4%

    Black 4%

    Native-American 3%

  3. 7–13 years old (7.9)

  4. MASC < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = NR

  5. Range = NR

  • Aggression

 Longitudinal
Harden (2007)c Australia 1,368

  1. Female 51.5 %

  2. Race = NR

  3. 14–39 years old (25.1)

  4. MASC ≤ 20 (vs. > 20) = 6.65%

  5. Range = NR

  • Attention problems

  • Hyperactivity

  • Oppositional defiant behaviors

  • Conduct problems

 Cross-sectional
Hofferth (2002)e United States 2,144

  1. Female % = NR

  2. Race = NR

  3. ≤ 13 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = NR

  5. Range = NR

  • Aggression

 Longitudinal
Moffitt (2002)ce United Kingdom 2,232

  1. Female 51.2%

  2. Race = NR

  3. 5 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20–28.4) = 50.36%

  5. Young mother = 15 to 20 (18.5 ± 1.4)

    Older mother = NR (28.4 ± 4.3)

  • Inattention

  • Hyperactivity

  • Broad-span externalizing behavior

 Longitudinal
Nagin (2001)cde Canada 1,037

  1. Female 0%

  2. White 100%

  3. 6–15 years old

  4. MASC = NR

  5. (23.8 ± 4.1)

  • Aggression

 Longitudinal
Pohlabeln (2017)c Eight Europear countries 12,964

  1. Female 49.4%

  2. Race = NR

  3. 2–11.9 years (6.2)

  4. MASC < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 2.5 %

  5. 19 or younger to 25 or older

  • ADHD

 Longitudinal
Sagiv (2013)cde United States 461

  1. Female 49.01%

  2. White 69.3%

    Black 6.2%

    Hispanic 9.8%

    Cape Verdean 10.6 %

    Other 4.1%

  3. 8 years old

  4. MASC < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 13.08%

  5. 19 or younger to 35 or older

  • ADHD

 Longitudinal
Shaw (2006)e Australia 4,976

  1. Female % = NR

  2. Race = NR

  3. 14 years old

  4. MASC < 19 (vs. ≥ 19) = 10.59%

  5. Range = NR

  • Attention

  • Aggression

 Longitudinal
Silva (2014)c Australia 43,062

  1. Female 22.85%

  2. Race = NR

  3. < 35 years old

  4. MAFB < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 2.06%

  5. 19 or younger to 40 or older

  • ADHD

 Cross-sectional
Tearne (2015)c Australia 1,754

  1. Female 49.1%

  2. Race = NR

  3. 2–17 years old

  4. MASC < 20 (vs. ≥ 20) = 7.77 %

  5. 19 or younger to 40 or older

  • Aggression

 Longitudinal
Zimmerman (2001)de United States 570

  1. Female = NR

  2. Black 100%

  3. 15–19 years old (14.6)

  4. MASC < 20 (vs. ≥ 20–27.5) = 25.09 %

  5. 12 to 44 (21.8 ± 5.7)

  • Aggression

 Cross-sectional
a

Types of maternal age: MAFB = maternal age of first birth, MASC = maternal age of study child

b

NR: not reported

c

Included in gender moderation meta-analysis model

d

Included in race moderation meta-analysis model

e

Included in age moderation meta-analysis model