Table 3.
Sex thresholds for weak, intermediate, and strong NGS with anthropometric, blood pressure, metabolic biomarkers, and muscle strength (mean ± SD).
| Variables | Male (n = 692) |
Female (n = 1103) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weak (n = 101) | Intermediate (n = 326) | Strong (n = 265) | F | p | η²p | Weak (n = 188) | Intermediate (n = 466) | Strong (n = 449) | F | p | η²p | |
| Anthropometric | ||||||||||||
| Weight (kg) | 80.0 ± 15.8 | 70.6 ± 11.2 | 63.5 ± 8.6 | 91.53 | <0.001 | 0.241 | 67.5 ± 13.5 | 59.6 ± 10.1 | 52.5 ± 6.3 | 116.01 | <0.001 | 0.227 |
| WC (cm) | 87.6 ± 12.7 | 79.5 ± 8.6 | 74.3 ± 6.0 | 100.45 | <0.001 | 0.231 | 77.0 ± 9.0 | 72.1 ± 7.3 | 67.0 ± 5.5 | 98.05 | <0.001 | 0.199 |
| Body fat (%) | 22.2 ± 7.9 | 16.6 ± 5.7 | 12.9 ± 4.5 | 109.76 | <0.001 | 0.247 | 32.5 ± 7.2 | 28.1 ± 6.9 | 22.5 ± 5.9 | 112.58 | <0.001 | 0.223 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 6.3 ± 3.4 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 117.16 | <0.001 | 0.259 | 8.9 ± 3.4 | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 128.13 | <0.001 | 0.241 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||
| Systolic | 123.9 ± 13.8 | 122.9 ± 12.3 | 119.4 ± 11.0 | 12.66 | <0.001 | 0.136 | 111.7 ± 10.4 | 111.4 ± 11.4 | 110.4 ± 10.7 | 1.46 | 0.232 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic | 78.6 ± 10.1 | 76.4 ± 11.0 | 72.9 ± 9.6 | 8.83 | <0.001 | 0.026 | 73.3 ± 9.3 | 71.7 ± 10.1 | 72.2 ± 9.8 | 1.91 | 0.147 | 0.005 |
| MAP | 101.3 ± 10.3 | 99.6 ± 10.3 | 96.1 ± 9.3 | 13.98 | <0.001 | 0.040 | 92.5 ± 8.6 | 91.5 ± 9.3 | 91.3 ± 8.7 | 1.42 | 0.240 | 0.004 |
| Cardiometabolic biomarkers | ||||||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133.4 ± 27.6 | 142.3 ± 29.8 | 140.6 ± 26.1 | 3.24 | 0.039 | 0.010 | 150.0 ± 32.3 | 148.5 ± 28.6 | 148.3 ± 28.5 | 0.02 | 0.978 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 113.6 ± 54.6 | 103.9 ± 47.2 | 95.3 ± 40.8 | 9.83 | <0.001 | 0.029 | 98.5 ± 42.9 | 94.0 ± 37.7 | 86.8 ± 34.9 | 6.65 | 0.001 | 0.017 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 38.1 ± 10.2 | 39.9 ± 10.6 | 41.5 ± 9.5 | 4.84 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 38.0 ± 11.4 | 41.9 ± 11.7 | 45.2 ± 12.4 | 15.63 | <0.001 | 0.039 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 74.0 ± 23.0 | 82.7 ± 27.0 | 81.5 ± 25.3 | 4.09 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 93.2 ± 27.6 | 88.4 ± 25.3 | 85.9 ± 22.9 | 1.87 | 0.155 | 0.006 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 87.4 ± 11.5 | 85.5 ± 11.7 | 82.8 ± 12.1 | 5.76 | 0.003 | 0.017 | 89.1 ± 8.6 | 87.6 ± 11.3 | 85.2 ± 12.5 | 6.09 | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| MetS score | –1.742 ± 3.160 | –3.252 ± 2.762 | –4.684 ± 2.369 | 51.60 | <0.001 | 0.135 | –2.191 ± 2.689 | –3.437 ± 2.525 | –4.729 ± 2.125 | 54.01 | <0.001 | 0.125 |
| Muscular strength | ||||||||||||
| Handgrip (kg) | 32.0 ± 6.1 | 38.4 ± 5.9 | 43.7 ± 6.4 | 135.94 | <0.001 | 0.288 | 19.7 ± 3.8 | 23.1 ± 3.9 | 26.5 ± 3.7 | 161.13 | <0.001 | 0.125 |
| NGSa | 0.403 ± 0.052 | 0.546 ± 0.042 | 0.691 ± 0.069 | 132.83 | <0.001 | 0.764 | 0.294 ± 0.032 | 0.388 ± 0.028 | 0.507 ± 0.054 | 109.09 | <0.001 | 0.771 |
Abbreviations: FMI = fat mass index; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAP = mean arterial pressure; MetS = metabolic syndrome; NGS = normalized grip strength; WC = waist circumference.
a
NGS is measured as handgrip strength (kg)/body mass (kg). F values and and partial eta-squared (η²p) calculated from analysis of variance adjusted for age, tobacco, alcohol, and physical activity levels.