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Mechanisms involved in autophagy process. After inhibition of the mTOR or activation of the AMPK signaling pathway, the autophagy process is activated. AMPK = adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K = phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; ULK1 = Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; Vps = vacuolar protein sorting.
