Fig. 1.

Growth factor and cytokine hypothesis for the development of PVR. Following a retinal break, RPE cells are exposed to vitreous cavity to contact with growth factors and cytokines, resulting in more growth factors and cytokines secretion and cellular responses stimulation (such as cellular migration and proliferation as well as deposition of extracellular matrix). As a result, the epiretinal membrane formation and contraction cause retina re-detachment and PVR development. Growth factors and cytokines are tightly associated with these complex processes