Table 1. Results of univariate analysis to determine risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage following percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy.
| Variable | No pulmonary hemorrhage (n=748) | Pulmonary hemorrhage (n=342) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 58.0±13.1 | 57.8±12.5 | 0.851a |
| Sex | 0.085b | ||
| Male | 535 (71.5) | 227 (66.4) | |
| Female | 213 (28.5) | 115 (33.6) | |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 50 (6.7) | 19 (5.6) | 0.478b |
| History of hypertension | 140 (18.7) | 70 (9.4) | 0.496b |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 99 (13.2) | 31 (9.1) | 0.055b |
| Prior malignancy | 34 (4.5) | 32 (9.4) | 0.002b |
| mPAD | 0.062b | ||
| <2.95 cm | 381 (50.9) | 195 (57.0) | |
| ≥2.95 cm | 367 (49.1) | 147 (43.0) | |
| AAD (cm) | 3.38±0.45 | 3.40±0.43 | 0.429a |
| mPAD/AAD ratio | 0.125b | ||
| ≤1 | 608 (81.3) | 291 (85.1) | |
| >1 | 140 (18.7) | 51 (14.9) | |
| Lesion location | 0.001b | ||
| Left upper lobe | 224 (29.9) | 79 (23.1) | |
| Left lower lobe | 130 (17.4) | 56 (16.4) | |
| Left hilar | 6 (0.8) | 7 (2.0) | |
| Right upper lobe | 217 (29.0) | 107 (31.3) | |
| Right middle lobe | 30 (4.0) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Right lower lobe | 137 (18.3) | 68 (19.9) | |
| Right hilar | 4 (0.5) | 12 (3.5) | |
| Lesion characteristics | <0.001b | ||
| Solid | 585 (78.2) | 287 (83.9) | |
| Subsolid | 50 (6.7) | 41 (12.0) | |
| Consolidation | 70 (9.4) | 5 (1.5) | |
| Cavitary | 43 (5.7) | 9 (2.6) | |
| Lesion size | <0.001b | ||
| ≤3 cm | 225 (30.1) | 160 (46.8) | |
| >3 cm | 523 (69.9) | 182 (53.2) | |
| Lesion depth | <0.001b | ||
| ≤3 cm | 188 (25.1) | 9 (2.6) | |
| 3–5 cm | 318 (42.5) | 66 (19.3) | |
| >5 cm | 242 (32.4) | 267 (78.1) | |
| Emphysema | 166 (22.2) | 100 (29.2) | 0.012b |
| Number of needle passes | 0.103b | ||
| One | 136 (18.2) | 79 (23.1) | |
| Two | 599 (80.1) | 260 (76.0) | |
| Three or more | 13 (1.7) | 3 (0.9) | |
| Needle angle | 0.415b | ||
| <90° | 442 (59.1) | 211 (61.7) | |
| ≥90° | 306 (40.9) | 131 (38.3) | |
| Location of biopsy | 0.18b | ||
| Anterior chest wall | 258 (34.5) | 116 (33.9) | |
| Lateral chest wall | 166 (22.2) | 61 (17.8) | |
| Posterior chest wall | 324 (43.3) | 165 (48.2) | |
| Pathological results | <0.001b | ||
| Lung adenocarcinoma | 275 (36.8) | 148 (43.3) | |
| Lung squamous cell carcinoma | 80 (10.7) | 19 (5.6) | |
| Small cell lung cancer | 31 (4.1) | 21 (6.1) | |
| Lung metastases | 12 (1.6) | 19 (5.6) | |
| Other tumors | 51 (6.8) | 17 (5.0) | |
| Inflammatory changes | 149 (19.9) | 52 (15.2) | |
| Tuberculosis | 49 (6.6) | 23 (6.7) | |
| Mycotic infection | 23 (3.1) | 6 (1.8) | |
| Other non-tumors | 42 (5.6) | 16 (4.7) | |
| Non-diagnostic | 36 (4.8) | 21 (6.1) |
Pulmonary hemorrhage was significantly more likely to occur with a right hilar location (P<0.001), subsolid lesions (P=0.003), and lung metastases (P<0.001). Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. Categorical data are No. (%) of patients undergoing percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy. a, Student’s t-test; b, Chi-square test. mPAD, main pulmonary artery diameter; AAD, ascending aorta diameter.