Table 2. Results of univariate analysis to determine risk factors for higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage following percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy.
| Variable | No/lower-grade hemorrhage (n=1,014) | Higher-grade hemorrhage (n=76) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 57.9±12.9 | 57.7±11.6 | 0.864a |
| Sex | 0.973b | ||
| Male | 709 (69.9) | 53 (69.7) | |
| Female | 305 (30.1) | 23 (30.3) | |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 64 (6.6) | 5 (6.6) | 0.993b |
| History of hypertension | 196 (19.3) | 14 (18.4) | 0.846b |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 124 (12.2) | 6 (7.9) | 0.261b |
| Prior malignancy | 57 (5.6) | 9 (11.8) | 0.028b |
| mPAD | 0.321b | ||
| <2.95 cm | 540 (59.8) | 36 (47.4) | |
| ≥2.95 cm | 474 (40.2) | 40 (52.6) | |
| AAD (cm) | 3.38±0.44 | 3.44±0.45 | 0.275a |
| mPAD/AAD ratio | 0.037b | ||
| ≤1 | 843 (83.1) | 56 (73.7) | |
| >1 | 171 (16.9) | 20 (26.3) | |
| Lesion location | 0.162b | ||
| Upper and middle lobes | 629 (62.0) | 41 (53.9) | |
| Lower lobe and lung hilar | 385 (38.0) | 35 (46.1) | |
| Lesion characteristics | 0.126b | ||
| Solid | 809 (79.8) | 63 (82.9) | |
| Subsolid | 82 (8.1) | 9 (11.8) | |
| Consolidation or cavitary | 123 (12.1) | 4 (5.3) | |
| Lesion size | <0.001b | ||
| ≤3 cm | 344 (33.9) | 43 (56.6) | |
| >3 cm | 670 (66.1) | 33 (43.4) | |
| Lesion depth | <0.001b | ||
| ≤3 cm | 193 (19.0) | 4 (5.3) | |
| 3–5 cm | 372 (36.7) | 12 (15.8) | |
| >5 cm | 449 (44.3) | 60 (78.9) | |
| Emphysema | 231 (22.8) | 35 (46.1) | <0.001b |
| Number of needle passes | 0.386b | ||
| One | 273 (26.9) | 17 (22.4) | |
| Two or more | 741 (73.1) | 59 (77.6) | |
| Needle angle | 0.392b | ||
| <90° | 611 (60.3) | 42 (55.3) | |
| ≥90° | 403 (39.7) | 34 (44.7) | |
| Location of biopsy | 0.016b | ||
| Anterior chest wall | 356 (35.1) | 17 (22.4) | |
| Lateral chest wall | 214 (21.1) | 13 (17.1) | |
| Posterior chest wall | 444 (43.8) | 46 (60.5) | |
| Pathological results | <0.001b | ||
| Lung adenocarcinoma | 392 (38.7) | 31 (40.8) | |
| Lung metastases | 23 (2.3) | 8 (10.5) | |
| Other tumors | 211 (20.8) | 8 (10.5) | |
| Inflammatory changes | 190 (18.7) | 11 (14.5) | |
| Other non-tumors | 151 (14.9) | 8 (10.5) | |
| Non-diagnostic | 47 (4.6) | 10 (13.2) | |
Higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage was significantly more likely to occur with lung metastasis lesions compared with non-lung metastasis lesions (P=0.001). Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. Categorical data are No. (%) of patients undergoing percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy. a, Student’s t-test; b, Chi-square test. mPAD, main pulmonary artery diameter; AAD, ascending aorta diameter.