Table 3. Results of univariate analysis to determine risk factors for hemoptysis following percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy.
| Variable | No hemoptysis (n=1,057) | Hemoptysis (n=33) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 58.0±12.8 | 56.5±14.9 | 0.520a |
| Sex | 0.117b | ||
| Male | 743 (70.3) | 19 (57.6) | |
| Female | 314 (29.7) | 14 (42.4) | |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 67 (6.3) | 2 (6.1) | 1c |
| History of hypertension | 198 (18.7) | 12 (36.4) | 0.011b |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 128 (12.1) | 2 (6.1) | 0.416c |
| Prior malignancy | 64 (6.1) | 2 (11.8) | 1c |
| mPAD | 0.106b | ||
| <2.95 cm | 554 (52.4) | 22 (66.7) | |
| ≥2.95 cm | 503 (47.6) | 11 (33.3) | |
| AAD (cm) | 3.39±0.44 | 3.36±0.54 | 0.760b |
| mPAD/AAD ratio | 0.716b | ||
| ≤1 | 871 (82.4) | 28 (84.8) | |
| >1 | 186 (17.6) | 5 (15.2) | |
| Lesion location | 0.533b | ||
| Upper and middle lobes | 648 (61.3) | 22 (66.7) | |
| Lower lobe and lung hilar | 409 (38.7) | 11 (33.3) | |
| Lesion characteristics | 0.572b | ||
| Solid | 847 (80.1) | 25 (75.8) | |
| Subsolid | 87 (8.2) | 4 (12.1) | |
| Consolidation or cavitary | 123 (11.6) | 4 (12.1) | |
| Lesion size | 0.203b | ||
| ≤3 cm | 367 (34.7) | 15 (45.5) | |
| >3 cm | 690 (65.3) | 18 (54.5) | |
| Lesion depth | 0.026b | ||
| ≤3 cm | 193 (18.3) | 4 (12.1) | |
| 3–5 cm | 378 (35.8) | 6 (18.2) | |
| >5 cm | 486 (46) | 23 (69.7) | |
| Emphysema | 260 (24.6) | 6 (18.2) | 0.398b |
| Number of needle passes | 0.141b | ||
| One | 210 (19.9) | 10 (30.3) | |
| Two or more | 847 (80.1) | 23 (69.7) | |
| Needle angle | 0.657b | ||
| <90° | 632 (59.8) | 21 (63.6) | |
| ≥90° | 425 (40.2) | 12 (36.4) | |
| Location of biopsy | 0.672b | ||
| Anterior chest wall | 360 (34.1) | 13 (39.4) | |
| Lateral chest wall | 222 (21.0) | 5 (15.2) | |
| Posterior chest wall | 475 (44.9) | 15 (45.5) | |
| Pathological results | 0.542b | ||
| Lung adenocarcinoma | 410 (38.8) | 13 (39.4) | |
| Other tumors | 244 (23.1) | 6 (18.2) | |
| Inflammatory changes | 192 (18.2) | 9 (27.3) | |
| Other non-tumor | 211 (20.0) | 5 (15.2) | |
| Pulmonary hemorrhage | 320 (30.3) | 22 (66.7) | <0.001b |
| Lower-grade pulmonary hemorrhage | 254 (24) | 12 (36.4) | 0.104b |
| Higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage | 66 (6.2) | 10 (30.3) | <0.001b |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. Categorical data are No. (%) of patients undergoing percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy. a, Student’s t-test; b, Chi-square test; c, Fisher’s exact test. mPAD, main pulmonary artery diameter; AAD, ascending aorta diameter.