TABLE 1.

Goodness-of-fit statistics for the estimated measurement and predictive models.

Description	χ2 (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	90% CI	AIC	CAIC	BIC	ABIC
Study 1: Sample 1
M0. One-factor model	627.445 (27)*	0.774	0.698	0.194	[0.181; 0.207]	16,629	16,775	16,748	16,662
M1. Two-factor CFA	102.625 (26)*	0.971	0.960	0.071	[0.057; 0.085]	15,867	16,018	15,990	15,901
M2. Bifactor CFA	54.180 (18)*	0.986	0.973	0.058	[0.041; 0.076]	15,807	16,001	15,965	15,851
M3. M1 with outcomes	1,493.153 (637)*	0.929	0.921	0.048	[0.045; 0.051]	61,311	62,075	61,933	61,482
M4. M2 with outcomes	1,456.746 (623)*	0.930	0.921	0.048	[0.044; 0.051]	61,267	62,107	61,951	61,456
Study 1: Sample 2
M0. One-factor model	329.230 (27)*	0.798	0.730	0.171	[0.154; 0.187]	9,288	9,422	9,395	9,309
M1. Two-factor CFA	82.595 (26)*	0.962	0.948	0.075	[0.057; 0.094]	8,923	9,062	9,034	8,945
M2. Bifactor CFA	39.379 (18)*	0.986	0.971	0.056	[0.032; 0.079]	8,871	9,050	9,014	8,899
M3. M1 with outcomes	801.100 (436)*	0.935	0.926	0.047	[0.042; 0.052]	34,947	35,561	35,437	35,043
M4. M2 with outcomes	745.480 (422)*	0.942	0.932	0.045	[0.039; 0.050]	34,902	35,585	35,447	35,009
Study 2
M0. One-factor model	1,266.738 (27)*	0.735	0.647	0.208	[0.199; 0.218]	28,133	28,294	28,267	28,181
M1. Two-factor CFA	212.089 (26)*	0.960	0.945	0.082	[0.072; 0.093]	26,270	26,437	26,409	26,320
M2. Bifactor CFA	132.070 (18)*	0.976	0.951	0.077	[0.065; 0.090]	26,116	26,331	26,295	26,181
M3. M1 with covariates	917.084 (242)*	0.959	0.953	0.051	[0.048; 0.055]	72,705	73,194	73,112	72,851
M4. M2 with covariates	770.468 (231)*	0.967	0.960	0.047	[0.043; 0.051]	72,512	73,067	72,974	72,678

CFA, confirmatory factor analyses; χ², scaled χ² test of exact fit; df, degrees of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; 90% CI, 90% confidence interval. *p < 0.05.