Table 1.
Summary of quantitative studies on the antibody dynamics in COVID-19 patients.
| References | N. of COVID-19 patients | N. of healthy controls | IgM | IgA | IgG | Day/week PSO | Antigen | Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xiao et al. (25) | 34 | Not reported | 322.80 AU/ml(a) | Not evaluated | 12.40 AU/ml | 3 weeks | Not reported | ELISA |
| 147.92 AU/ml | 157.01 AU/ml | 4 weeks | ||||||
| 78.03 AU/ml | 163.56 AU/ml | 5 weeks | ||||||
| 21.83 AU/ml | 167.16 AU/ml | 6 weeks | ||||||
| Zhao et al. (26) | 173 | Not reported | 82.7%(b) | Not evaluated | 64,70% | 12 days (IgM), 14 days (IgG) | RBD (IgM), NP (IgG) | Double-antigens sandwich (Ab-ELISA), indirect ELISA kit |
| Jin et al. (27) | 43 | 33 | 12.1 AU/ml(a) | Not evaluated | 132.2 AU/ml | Retrospective study, 0–55 days | NP, S | CLIA kits |
| Guo et al. (28) | 82 confirmed, 58 probable | 150 | 400 GMT(c) | 400 GMT | 490.45 GMT | 0–7 days | NP | ELISA |
| 535.8 GMT; P = 0.000 | 597.24 GMT; P = 0.000 | 1325.6 GMT; P = 0.000 | 8-14 days | |||||
| 536.31 GMT; P = 0.992 | 723.28 GMT, P = 0.156 | 2690.87 GMT; P = 0.000 | 15–21 days | |||||
| 565.69 GMT; P = 0.719 | 831.41 GMT, P = 0.538 | 2974.83 GMT; P = 0.72 | >21 days | |||||
| Szomolanyi-Tsuda and Welsh (29) | 214 | 100 | 31.8% (NP), 36,4% (S)(d) | Not evaluated | 31.8% (NP), 40.9% (S) | 0–5 days | NP, S | ELISA |
| 52.6% (NP), 50% (S) | 39,5% (NP), 50% (S) | 6–10 days | ||||||
| 72.2% (NP), 83.3% (S) | 72.2% (NP), 75.9% (S) | 11–15 days | ||||||
| 81.8% (NP), 96.4% (S) | 87.3% (NP), 92.7% (S) | 16-20 days | ||||||
| 81.3% (NP), 87.5% (S) | 87.5% (NP), 84.4% (S) | 21–30 days | ||||||
| 83,3% (NP), 100% (S) | 100% (NP), 83.3% (S) | 31–35 days | ||||||
| 57.1% (NP), 85.7% (S) | 100% (NP), 100% (S) | >35 days | ||||||
| Liu et al. (30) | 58 | Not reported | 1.72% (IgM only); 94.83 (IgM and IgG) | Not evaluated | 3.45% (IgG only); 94.83 (IgM and IgG) | 8–33 days | RBD | LFIA |
| Okba et al. (31) | 16 | Not reported | 81%(d) | Not evaluated | 100%(d) | 5 days | NP | ELISA |
| Zhang et al. (32) | 23 | 93 | 17% (NP); 26% (RBD)(b) | Not evaluated | 9% (NP); 43% (RBD)(b) | from day 10 | NP, RBD | EIA |
| 88% (NP); 94% (RBD) | Not evaluated | 94% (NP); 100% (RBD) | from day 14 |
(a)
AU/ml, Arbitrary Units/ml;
(b)
seroconversion rate (%);
(c)
GMT, geometric mean;
(d)
positive rate (%).
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; LFIA, lateral flow immunoassay; EIA, Enzyme Immuno Assay.