Table 2.
Adjusted Cox Proportional Hazards Model Analysis of Mortality in Patients With Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma Treated With First-Line EGFR-TKIs According to TCM Usage During the Follow-up Period in the Study Cohort and the Matched Cohort.
| Variables | Study Cohort | Matched Cohort | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death Events | Adjusted | Death Events | Adjusted | |||||||
| HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | |||||
| TCM (days) | ||||||||||
| <30 | 1049 | 1.00 | Reference | 396 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| 30-179 | 61 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 1.07 | .1470 | 57 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.06 | .1182 |
| ≥180 | 24 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.55 | <.0001 | 22 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.50 | <.0001 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| <65 | 402 | 1.00 | Reference | 263 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| ≥65 | 732 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 1.46 | .0015 | 212 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 1.29 | .7494 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 472 | 1.53 | 1.34 | 1.73 | <.0001 | 170 | 1.54 | 1.26 | 1.89 | <.0001 |
| Female | 662 | 1.00 | Reference | 305 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Monthly insurance income (NT$) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 263 | 1.00 | Reference | 99 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| 1-15 840 | 162 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 1.21 | .9350 | 62 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.91 | .0121 |
| 15 841-25 000 | 519 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 1.02 | .0843 | 211 | 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.84 | .0009 |
| >25 000 | 190 | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.84 | .0003 | 103 | 0.54 | 0.40 | 0.73 | <.0001 |
| Urbanization levela | ||||||||||
| 1 (city) | 331 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 1.05 | .1372 | 136 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 1.19 | .3028 |
| 2 | 492 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 1.07 | .1727 | 225 | 0.91 | 0.65 | 1.27 | .5748 |
| 3 | 198 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 1.23 | .8255 | 73 | 0.97 | 0.66 | 1.42 | .8606 |
| 4 (village) | 113 | 1.00 | Reference | 41 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Comorbidities (yes/no) | ||||||||||
| Tuberculosis | 60 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 1.40 | .6115 | 22 | 1.22 | 0.79 | 1.90 | .3719 |
| Hypertension | 651 | 1.05 | 0.91 | 1.21 | .4943 | 218 | 0.92 | 0.74 | 1.14 | .4192 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 307 | 1.23 | 1.06 | 1.43 | .0055 | 99 | 1.36 | 1.06 | 1.74 | .0164 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 390 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 1.03 | .1310 | 134 | 0.82 | 0.65 | 1.03 | .0864 |
| CAD | 331 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 1.07 | .2784 | 118 | 1.05 | 0.83 | 1.34 | .6775 |
| Heart failure | 111 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 1.33 | .5196 | 15 | 0.89 | 0.52 | 1.52 | .6565 |
| Stroke | 238 | 1.14 | 0.98 | 1.34 | .0898 | 58 | 1.28 | 0.95 | 1.72 | .1103 |
| COPD | 125 | 0.94 | 0.77 | 1.15 | .5441 | 18 | 0.92 | 0.56 | 1.52 | .7532 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 17 | 1.20 | 0.74 | 1.95 | .4618 | 8 | 0.94 | 0.46 | 1.92 | .8554 |
| Surgery | ||||||||||
| Yes | 119 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 1.19 | 0.8363 | 54 | 0.95 | 0.70 | 1.28 | 0.7183 |
| No | 1015 | 1.00 | Reference | 421 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| CT/RT | ||||||||||
| CT + RT | 289 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.87 | .0003 | 150 | 1.06 | 0.82 | 1.36 | .6549 |
| CT | 235 | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.78 | <.0001 | 116 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 1.06 | .1287 |
| RT | 199 | 1.17 | 0.98 | 1.41 | .0874 | 71 | 2.17 | 1.60 | 2.93 | <.0001 |
| No CT or RT | 411 | 1.00 | Reference | 138 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| 1st-line EGFR-TKI response | ||||||||||
| Responder | 658 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.30 | <.0001 | 380 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.42 | <.0001 |
| Nonresponder | 476 | 1.00 | Reference | 95 | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT, chemotherapy; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HR, hazard ratio; RT, radiotherapy; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
a
Urbanization levels in Taiwan are divided into 4 strata according to previous research, with level 1 referring to the most urbanized communities and level 4 to the least urbanized communities.20