Table 1.
Weighted survey respondents’ characteristics and prevalence by racial discrimination category
| Survey respondents | Weighted estimates | Zero domains of racial discrimination (N = 1270) |
One or two domains of racial discrimination (N = 548) |
Three or more domains of racial discrimination (N = 513) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | % | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p value | % | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p value | % | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p value | ||
| Total | 2335 | 100 | 52.6 | 49.7 | 55.5 | 24.2 | 21.8 | 26.8 | 23.2 | 20.8 | 25.7 | |||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| 18–24 | 174 | 10.9 | 9.1 | 13 | 52 | 42.6 | 61.3 | Ref | 28 | 20.5 | 37 | Ref | 20 | 13.6 | 28.4 | Ref |
| 25–44 | 771 | 42.9 | 40 | 45.8 | 45.3 | 40.6 | 50 | 0.212 | 26.7 | 22.5 | 31.4 | 0.792 | 28 | 23.8 | 32.6 | 0.070 |
| 45–64 | 767 | 30.5 | 28 | 33.2 | 53 | 48.1 | 57.8 | 0.861 | 23.4 | 19.7 | 27.5 | 0.324 | 23.6 | 19.9 | 27.8 | 0.391 |
| ≥ 65 | 586 | 15.7 | 14 | 17.4 | 70.7 | 65.2 | 75.6 | 0.001 | 16.3 | 12.5 | 20.9 | 0.014 | 13 | 9.6 | 17.5 | 0.106 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| White | 925 | 34.4 | 31.8 | 37.2 | 70.8 | 66.2 | 75.1 | Ref | 20.9 | 17.1 | 25.3 | Ref | 8.2 | 6 | 11.3 | Ref |
| Black | 513 | 22.2 | 19.9 | 24.7 | 34.8 | 29.4 | 40.6 | < 0.001 | 24.2 | 19.3 | 29.8 | 0.336 | 41 | 35.2 | 47.1 | < 0.001 |
| Latino | 583 | 27.5 | 25 | 30.2 | 47.9 | 42.3 | 53.6 | < 0.001 | 25.4 | 20.7 | 30.6 | 0.176 | 26.7 | 22 | 32 | < 0.001 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 229 | 13.4 | 11.5 | 15.6 | 47.3 | 39.2 | 55.6 | < 0.001 | 31.3 | 24.2 | 39.5 | 0.019 | 21.3 | 15.5 | 28.6 | < 0.001 |
| Other or multi-race | 85 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 37.3* | 23.3 | 53.9 | < 0.001 | 19.5* | 11 | 32.3 | 0.810 | 43.1* | 26.8 | 61.1 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 902 | 46 | 43.1 | 48.9 | 51.9 | 47.4 | 56.5 | Ref | 25.1 | 21.2 | 29.4 | Ref | 23 | 19.3 | 27.1 | Ref |
| Female | 1429 | 54 | 51.1 | 56.9 | 53.3 | 49.6 | 56.9 | 0.656 | 23.6 | 20.6 | 26.8 | 0.555 | 23.2 | 20.2 | 26.4 | 0.933 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
| Married or partnered | 1082 | 53.8 | 50.9 | 56.7 | 54.1 | 50.1 | 58.2 | Ref | 23.4 | 20 | 27.1 | Ref | 22.5 | 19.3 | 26.1 | Ref |
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 550 | 14.4 | 12.9 | 16.2 | 59.1 | 53.3 | 64.7 | 0.166 | 19.4 | 15.3 | 24.2 | 0.169 | 21.5 | 16.9 | 27 | 0.750 |
| Never married | 685 | 31.7 | 29.1 | 34.5 | 46.2 | 41 | 51.5 | 0.020 | 28.3 | 23.8 | 33.3 | 0.102 | 25.5 | 21 | 30.4 | 0.319 |
| Country of origin | ||||||||||||||||
| U.S. born | 1380 | 57.6 | 54.7 | 60.5 | 52.5 | 48.7 | 56.3 | Ref | 23.4 | 20.2 | 26.9 | Ref | 24.1 | 20.9 | 27.6 | Ref |
| Born outside the U.S | 905 | 42.4 | 39.5 | 45.3 | 53.3 | 48.9 | 57.8 | 0.778 | 25.2 | 21.5 | 29.2 | 0.499 | 21.5 | 18.1 | 25.3 | 0.303 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school degree | 239 | 18.8 | 16.3 | 21.6 | 55.2 | 47 | 63.1 | 0.582 | 20.6 | 14.5 | 28.3 | 0.076 | 24.2 | 18 | 31.9 | 0.249 |
| High School degree or some college | 915 | 47.3 | 44.4 | 50.2 | 51.7 | 47.3 | 56 | 0.749 | 23.1 | 19.6 | 27.1 | 0.096 | 25.2 | 21.5 | 29.2 | 0.031 |
| College degree or more | 1161 | 33.9 | 31.5 | 36.4 | 52.7 | 48.7 | 56.6 | Ref | 27.6 | 24.1 | 31.3 | Ref | 19.8 | 16.9 | 23 | Ref |
| Employment | ||||||||||||||||
| Employed | 1261 | 56.6 | 53.7 | 59.4 | 52.2 | 48.4 | 56 | Ref | 25.5 | 22.3 | 28.9 | Ref | 22.3 | 19.3 | 25.7 | Ref |
| Not employed | 188 | 10.4 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 39.3 | 30 | 49.4 | 0.016 | 29.5 | 20.5 | 40.4 | 0.454 | 31.3 | 23.1 | 40.8 | 0.065 |
| Not in labor force | 859 | 33 | 30.4 | 35.8 | 56.6 | 51.7 | 61.4 | 0.168 | 21.2 | 17.3 | 25.6 | 0.113 | 22.3 | 18.3 | 26.8 | 0.978 |
| Material hardship | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 871 | 42.1 | 39.2 | 45 | 39.4 | 35 | 44.1 | < 0.001 | 26.6 | 22.5 | 31.3 | 0.123 | 33.9 | 29.6 | 38.5 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1464 | 57.9 | 55 | 60.8 | 62.1 | 58.6 | 65.5 | Ref | 22.5 | 19.7 | 25.6 | Ref | 15.4 | 13 | 18.2 | Ref |
| Health insurance | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 2097 | 88.8 | 86.8 | 90.6 | 53.3 | 50.3 | 56.3 | Ref | 23.8 | 21.2 | 26.5 | Ref | 22.9 | 20.4 | 25.6 | Ref |
| No | 211 | 11.2 | 9.4 | 13.2 | 45.3 | 36.6 | 54.3 | 0.095 | 31.2 | 23.2 | 40.6 | 0.111 | 23.5 | 17 | 31.6 | 0.883 |
| Frequency of social contact | ||||||||||||||||
| High (about once a week or more) | 1246 | 53.5 | 50.6 | 56.3 | 57.9 | 53.9 | 61.8 | Ref | 22.7 | 19.5 | 26.3 | Ref | 19.4 | 16.3 | 22.9 | Ref |
| Low (a few times a month or less) | 1065 | 46.5 | 43.7 | 49.4 | 46.1 | 42 | 50.3 | < 0.001 | 26.2 | 22.5 | 30.1 | 0.188 | 27.7 | 24.1 | 31.6 | 0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||||||||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||||||
| Excellent, very good or good general health | 1895 | 80.9 | 78.5 | 83.1 | 53.6 | 50.4 | 56.8 | 25.1 | 22.4 | 28 | 21.2 | 18.7 | 24 | |||
| Fair or poor general health | 429 | 19.1 | 16.9 | 21.5 | 49.6 | 42.9 | 56.3 | 20.5 | 15.4 | 26.9 | 29.9 | 23.9 | 36.6 | |||
| Mean | Lower 95% limit mean | Upper 95% limit mean | Mean | Lower 95% limit mean | Upper 95% limit mean | Mean | Lower 95% limit mean | Upper 95% limit mean | Mean | Lower 95% limit mean | Upper 95% limit mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Out of the last 30 days | ||||||||||||||||
| Days of poor physical health | 4.5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4 | 3.1 | 5 | 6 | 4.8 | 7.2 | ||||
| Days of poor mental health | 4.6 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 3 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 7 | 5.9 | 8.1 | ||||
| Days limited by poor physical or mental health | 3.6 | 3.1 | 4 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.7 |
Crude data are weighted to the adult residential population per the American Community Survey, 2015
*Estimate should be interpreted with caution. Estimate’s relative standard error (a measure of estimate precision) is greater than 30%, or the 95% Confidence Interval half-width is greater than 10 or the sample size is too small, making the estimate potentially unreliable