Table.
Baseline characteristics of individuals and commute mode, 1991–2016
| Total (n) | Private motorised (%) | Public transport (%) | Walk (%) | Bicycle (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 394 746 | 65·5% | 18·8% | 12·4% | 3·2% | |
| Age, years | ||||||
| 16–29 | 149 593 | 61·9% | 22·5% | 12·3% | 3·2% | |
| 30–44 | 142 958 | 68·0% | 17·1% | 11·6% | 3·3% | |
| 45–59 | 85 674 | 67·8% | 15·7% | 13·4% | 3·0% | |
| ≥60 | 16 521 | 64·3% | 16·8% | 15·7% | 3·2% | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 209 510 | 71·6% | 15·6% | 8·7% | 4·0% | |
| Female | 185 236 | 58·7% | 22·5% | 16·6% | 2·3% | |
| Housing tenure | ||||||
| Homeowner | 288 584 | 71·3% | 15·8% | 10·0% | 2·9% | |
| Non-homeowner | 106 162 | 49·8% | 27·1% | 18·9% | 4·2% | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 190 566 | 60·0% | 23·6% | 13·0% | 3·4% | |
| Married | 204 180 | 70·7% | 14·4% | 11·9% | 3·0% | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 353 842 | 67·2% | 16·9% | 12·4% | 3·4% | |
| Minority ethnicity | 40 904 | 50·9% | 35·2% | 12·5% | 1·4% | |
| University education | ||||||
| No degree | 313 292 | 66·3% | 17·1% | 13·4% | 3·2% | |
| Has a degree | 81 454 | 62·5% | 25·4% | 8·7% | 3·4% | |
| Car access | ||||||
| No car access | 53 952 | 17·9% | 47·6% | 27·9% | 6·7% | |
| Has access to a car | 340 794 | 73·1% | 14·3% | 10·0% | 2·7% | |
| Population density, people per km2 | ||||||
| 0–2000 | 172 330 | 75·3% | 10·6% | 11·2% | 2·9% | |
| ≥2000 | 222 416 | 57·9% | 25·2% | 13·4% | 3·5% | |
| NSSEC—social class | ||||||
| Managerial or higher | 130 264 | 70·4% | 19·7% | 7·3% | 2·6% | |
| Intermediate | 98 298 | 69·4% | 19·1% | 9·6% | 1·9% | |
| Routine or manual | 166 184 | 59·4% | 18·0% | 18·1% | 4·5% | |
| Carstairs index quintile | ||||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 76 946 | 78·1% | 11·0% | 8·0% | 2·8% | |
| 2 | 79 574 | 72·4% | 13·9% | 10·6% | 3·1% | |
| 3 | 80 434 | 66·7% | 16·6% | 13·2% | 3·5% | |
| 4 | 81 109 | 61·0% | 20·9% | 14·6% | 3·4% | |
| 5 (most deprived) | 76 683 | 49·3% | 32·0% | 15·6% | 3·2% | |
| Long-term illness | ||||||
| No illness | 376 939 | 65·6% | 18·8% | 12·3% | 3·2% | |
| Has an illness | 17 807 | 63·1% | 19·9% | 14·3% | 2·7% | |
| Entered study | ||||||
| 1991 | 209 217 | 68·4% | 16·3% | 12·0% | 3·3% | |
| 2001 | 88 633 | 65·2% | 19·3% | 12·4% | 3·1% | |
| 2011 | 96 896 | 59·6% | 23·9% | 13·3% | 3·1% | |
| Events | ||||||
| All-cause mortality | 13 983 | 67·8% | 15·9% | 13·1% | 3·1% | |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | 3172 | 69·9% | 15·1% | 12·1% | 2·9% | |
| Cancer incidence | 20 980 | 73·0% | 12·9% | 11·4% | 2·7% | |
| Cancer mortality | 6509 | 64·4% | 18·2% | 14·0% | 3·5% | |
Data obtained from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales. NSSEC=Office for National Statistics socioeconomic classification of occupation.