Table 1.
Studies reviewed in chronological order by year (N = 53 studies).
| Study | Setting | Child participants | Adult participants | Automated LENA outcomes | No. of recordings | Duration (hr) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Christakis et al. (2009) | C | 329 | 329 | CT, CSRV, AWC, TV | 8.2 a | 10–16 |
| 2 | Zimmerman et al. (2009) | C | 275 | 275 | CT, CSRV, AWC, TV | 6, 18 a | 4–16 |
| 3 | Oller (2010) | C | 1 | 3 | CT, AWC | 11 | 9.8 b |
| 4 | Oller et al. (2010) | C | 232 | — | ADEX | 802 | — |
| 5 | Warren et al. (2010) | H, S | 104 | 104 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 438 | 4–16 |
| 6 | Caskey et al. (2011) | C | 36 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC, SI, N, M | 68 | 10–16 |
| 7 | Greenwood et al. (2011) | C | 30 | 30 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 865 | 10–16 |
| 8 | Aragon & Yoshinaga-Itano (2012) | C | 373 | 373 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 373 | 10–16 |
| 9 | VanDam et al. (2012) | C | 30 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC | 30 | 4–16 |
| 10 | Wiggin et al. (2012) | C | 8 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC | 8 | 8.6 b |
| 11 | Burgess et al. (2013) | H, C | 10 | 19 | AWC | 2–4 a | 10–16 |
| 12 | Charlton & Law (2013) | S | 14 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC | 5 a | 0–5 |
| 13 | Dykstra et al. (2013) | S | 40 | 15 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 2 a | 3 |
| 14 | Irvin et al. (2013) | S | 67 | 21 | AWC | 67 | 0–5 |
| 15 | Ota & Austin (2013) | S | 96 | 48 | ADEX | 3 a | 0.5 |
| 16 | Soderstrom & Wittebolle (2013) | C | 11 | — | CT, AWC, CSRV | 3 a | 8.8 b |
| 17 | Suskind et al. (2013) | C | 17 | 17 | CT, AWC | 8 a | 12–16 |
| 18 | Weisleder & Fernald (2013) | C | 23 | 23 | ADEX | 1–6 a | 10–16 |
| 19 | Yoder et al. (2013) | — | 69 | — | O | 3 a | 12–16 |
| 20 | Abney et al. (2014) | C | 1 | — | CT, O | 47 | 2.5–12.5 |
| 21 | Ambrose et al. (2014) | C | 28 | — | CT, AWC | 6.1 a | 8–16 |
| 22 | Thiemann-Bourque et al. (2014) | C | 18 | 18 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 36 | 4–16 |
| 23 | Carr et al. (2014) | — | 83 | — | ADEX | — | 10–16 |
| 24 | Caskey et al. (2014) | C | 36 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC | 72 | 19–16 |
| 25 | Jackson & Callender (2014) | H, S | 57 | — | CSRV | — | 5–10 |
| 26 | Johnson et al. (2014) | C | 33 | 60 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 99 | 16 |
| 27 | Li et al. (2014) | C | — | 24 | AWC | 24 | 10–16 |
| 28 | Ramírez-Esparza, García-Sierra, & Kuhl (2014) | C | 26 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC | 104 | 5–10 |
| 29 | Sacks et al. (2014) | C | 11 | 11 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 55 | 16 |
| 30 | VanDam (2014) | C | — | — | ADEX | — | — |
| 31 | Vohr, Topol, Watson, St Pierre, & Tucker (2014) | C | 56 | 64 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 68 | 4–16 |
| 32 | Wang et al. (2014) | S | — | 4–16 | ADEX | — | 1–5 |
| 33 | Warlaumont et al. (2014) | H, S | 183 | — | CSRV, O | — | — |
| 34 | Xu et al. (2014) | — | 226 | — | CSRV | 1,363 | 1–5 |
| 35 | Canault et al. (2015) | C | 18 | — | CSRV, AWC, TV, N, O | 18 | 10–16 |
| 36 | Gilkerson, Richards, & Topping (2015) | C | 36 | 36 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 36 | 10–16 |
| 37 | Gilkerson, Zhang, et al. (2015) | C | 22 | — | CT, CSRV, AWC | 66 | 10–16 |
| 38 | Kashinath et al. (2015) | C | 5 | — | CSRV, AWC | 1 a | 4–16 |
| 39 | Susperreguy & Davis-Kean (2016) | C | 40 | 40 | ADEX | 120 | 4 |
| 40 | VanDam et al. (2015) | C | 273 | — | CSRV | 10.4 a | 10–16 |
| 41 | Zhang et al. (2015) | C | 22 | 22 | CT, AWC | 19 a | 4–16 |
| 42 | Charron et al. (2016) | C | 5 | 5 | TV, N, SI, M, AWC, CT, CSRV | 2 a | 16 |
| 43 | Ko, Seidl, Cristia, Reimchen, & Soderstrom (2016) | C | 13 | 13 | CT, AWC | 3–5 a | 16 |
| 44 | Pae et al. (2016) | C | 84 | 84 | AWC, CT | 3, 27 a | 16 |
| 45 | Sosa (2016) | C | 26 | 26 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 78 | 10–16 |
| 46 | Suskind, Leffel, et al. (2016) | C | 23 | 23 | CSRV, AWC, N | 14 a | 10 |
| 47 | Wood et al. (2016) | C | 81 | 81 | CT, CSRV, AWC | 81 | 10.3 b |
| 48 | Woynaroski et al. (2016) | C | 20 | — | ADEX | 2 a | 16 |
| 49 | Suskind, Graf, et al. (2016) | C | 22 | 22 | CT, AWC | 16 a | 16 |
| 50 | Ramírez-Esparza, García-Sierra, & Kuhl (2016) | C | 25 | 25 | AWC | 4 a | 8 |
| 51 | Gilkerson, Richards, Warren, et al. (2017) | C | 329 | 329 | AWC, CSRV CT | 3,213 | 4–16 |
| 52 | Irvin et al. (2017) | S | 1 | — | CT, AWC, CSRV, O | 1 | 5.6 |
| 53 | Marchman, Martínez, Hurtado, Grüter, & Fernald (2017) | C | 18 | 18 | AWC | 2.2 a | 5.3–13.1 |
| Total | — | 3,586 | 2,170 | — | — | — | |
Note. Em dashes indicate “data missing/not reported.” LENA = Language Environment Analysis; C = clinic; H = home; CT = conversational turns; CSRV = child speech–related vocalizations; AWC = adult word count; TV = television; ADEX = advanced data extractor; S = school; N = background noise; M = meaningful speech; O = other speech; SI = silence.
a
Per child/mean per child.
b
Mean across children.