Table 2.

Timing measurements for each videofluoroscopic swallow.

Objective timing parameter (threshold in seconds)	Easy	Moderate	Complex
Swallow reaction time or SRT (> 0.54 s) Daniels et al. (2007), Molfenter & Steele (2012)	27.0	2.0	0.47
Duration of LVC or dLVC (< 0.31 s) Molfenter & Steele (2012)	0.37	0.20	0.07
LVC reaction time or LVCrt (< 0.22 s) Guedes et al. (2017)	0.20	0.10	0.67
Duration to maximum hyoid bone elevation (> 0.29 s) Molfenter & Steele (2012)	0.17	0.20	0.07
Duration of UES open or dUESO (< 0.18 s) Dantas et al. (2009), Molfenter & Steele (2012)	0.57	0.10	0.37
Subjective parameter
Penetration–Aspiration Scale score (1–8) Rosenbek et al. (1996)	2	6	7
Primary impairment (caused or increased aspiration risk)	SRT	SRT	LVCrt
Secondary impairments	None	dLVC, dUESO, amount UESO	dLVC, dUESO, amount UESO

Note. Thresholds based on 95% confidence intervals calculated from published literature; if multiple tasks were reported in the reference article, the authors chose the reference task most similar to the current study. The numbers in bold font indicate swallowing measures that are outside the reference range threshold and thus increase aspiration risk. Subjective primary and secondary impairments are also shown. LVC = laryngeal vestibule closure; UES = upper esophageal sphincter.