Table 4.

Models predicting executive functioning development: individually administered measures.

Model	Leiter-R Attention Sustained		Leiter-R Forward Memory		Digit Span Forward
	Estimate	p	Estimate	p	Estimate	p
Model 1
Hearing group	−1.37 (−2.59, −0.16)	.03	−1.34 (−2.70, 0.03)	.06	−0.99 (−1.67, −0.32)	.004
Age	−0.32 (−0.69, 0.05)	.09	−0.40 (−0.78, −0.02)	.04	0.62 (0.44, 0.81)	.001
Sex	0.52 (−0.62, 1.67)	.37	−0.41 (−1.70, 0.88)	.53	−0.30 (−0.93, 0.34)	.36
Income $50–$95K a	1.47 (0.00, 2.94)	.05	1.12 (−0.50, 2.74)	.17	0.90 (0.10, 1.70)	.03
Income $95K+ a	1.32 (0.01, 2.63)	.05	1.28 (−0.20, 2.75)	.09	0.42 (−0.32, 1.15)	.26
Nonverbal ability	0.02 (−0.02, 0.06)	.28	0.03 (−0.01, 0.07)	.15	0.00 (−0.02, 0.01)	.65
Model 2 b
Hearing group	−1.37 (−2.59, −0.16)	.03	−1.34 (−2.70, 0.03)	.06	−0.31 (−1.17, 0.56)	.48
Age	−0.32 (−0.69, 0.05)	.09	−0.40 (−0.78, −0.02)	.04	0.57 (0.38, 0.76)	.001
Sex	0.52 (−0.62, 1.67)	.37	−0.41 (−1.70, 0.88)	.53	−0.21 (−0.81, 0.39)	.48
Income $50–$95K a	1.47 (0.00, 2.94)	.05	1.12 (−0.50, 2.74)	.17	0.71 (−0.06, 1.47)	.08
Income $95K+ a	1.32 (0.01, 2.63)	.05	1.28 (−0.20, 2.75)	.09	0.07 (−0.67, 0.81)	.84
Nonverbal ability	0.02 (−0.02, 0.06)	.28	0.03 (−0.01, 0.07)	.15	−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)	.50
PPVT-4	—	—	—	—	0.02 (0.00, 0.04)	.03

Note. Hearing group coded as cochlear implant = 1 and normal hearing = 0. Sex coded as male = 0 and female = 1. Estimates are unstandardized regression coefficients. Values in parentheses are 95% confidence interval. Values in bold are p < .05. Leiter-R = Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised; Nonverbal ability = Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition, Picture Similarities subtest T-score; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition, standard score.

^a Compared to the reference group of $0–$50K.

^b Neither PPVT-4 nor Preschool Language Scale–Fourth Edition met entry criteria of p < .05 for entry into the equation predicting Leiter-R Attention Sustained or Leiter-R Forward Memory.