Table 5.
Models predicting executive functioning development: questionnaire measures.
| Model | BRIEF Inhibit |
BRIEF Shift |
BRIEF Working Memory |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | p | Estimate | p | Estimate | p | |
| Model 1 | ||||||
| Hearing group | 5.57 (0.47, 10.68) | 0.04 | 4.62 (0.88, 8.36) | 0.02 | 6.46 (1.49, 11.43) | 0.02 |
| Age | −0.88 (−2.01, 0.24) | 0.12 | −0.38 (−1.60, 0.84) | 0.54 | −0.56 (−1.84, 0.72) | 0.39 |
| Sex | −0.76 (−5.65, 4.12) | 0.76 | 3.03 (−0.50, 6.56) | 0.10 | 0.68 (−4.05, 5.41) | 0.77 |
| Income $50–$95K a | −0.46 (−6.30, 5.37) | 0.87 | −3.92 (−8.45, 0.61) | 0.09 | −1.72 (−7.56, 4.12) | 0.56 |
| Income $95K+ a | −3.32 (−8.84, 2.21) | 0.23 | −7.44 (−11.48, −3.40) | 0.001 | −3.71 (−9.10, 1.67) | 0.17 |
| Nonverbal ability | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.12) | 0.97 | 0.01 (−0.12, 0.13) | 0.90 | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.05) | 0.21 |
| Model 2 b | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Note. Hearing group coded as cochlear implant = 1 and normal hearing = 0. Sex coded as male = 0 and female = 1. Estimates are unstandardized regression coefficients. Values in parentheses are 95% confidence interval. Values in bold are p < .05. BRIEF = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function T-score; Nonverbal ability = Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition, Picture Similarities subtest T-score.
Compared to the reference group of $0–$50K.
Neither Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition nor Preschool Language Scale–Fourth Edition met entry criteria of p < .05 for entry into the equation predicting any of the three BRIEF measures; therefore, Model 2 is the same as Model 1.