Figure 2.

Measures of total pharyngeal residue, expressed as a percentage of the squared C2–4 reference area. Median pharyngeal residue across all bolus tasks was 2.42% C2–4² (range: 0–7; 23.93% C2–4²). A reference line placed at 1.5% C2–4² depicts the upper 95% confidence interval for pharyngeal residue in healthy individuals (see Steele, Peladeau-Pigeon, Barbon, Guida, Namasivayam-MacDonald, et al., 2019). IDDSI = International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative.