Table 1.
Demographics of the participant groups.
| Characteristic | Novice (n=65) | Intermediate (n=26) | Expert (n=20) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 24 (3) | 31 (2) | 44 (6) | |
| Male gender, n (%) | 20 (31) | 16 (62) | 17 (85) | |
| Right-hand dominance, n (%) | 57 (87) | 23 (89) | 20 (100) | |
| Video game experience, mean rank | 56 | 60 | 50 | |
| Professional status, n (%) | ||||
|
|
Surgical novice | 54 (83) | N/Aa | N/A |
|
|
Surgical house officer | 11 (17) | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Surgical resident | N/A | 26 (100) | N/A |
|
|
Laparoscopic surgeon | N/A | N/A | 20 (100) |
| Department, n (%) | ||||
|
|
No department (surgical novice) | 54 (83) | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Surgery | 11 (17) | 18 (69) | 14 (70) |
|
|
Urology | N/A | 3 (12) | 2 (10) |
|
|
Gynecology | N/A | 5 (19) | 4 (20) |
aNot applicable.