Figure 1. A map of Kenya showing the study sites in Laisamis, Marsabit County, Kenya.

Camel blood samples were collected from camel herds during the day, shortly after drinking water from the wells dug along Koya semi-permanent river (circle filled in red), whereas camel keds were collected from the same herds later at night when these camels returned to their temporary settlements shown on the map by circles (filled in red) inside a dotted green square.