Table 5.

Additional mortality rate, by condition

Condition and explanation	Additional mortality (%), annual unless specified
Skin cancer
No additional mortality rate assumed	–
Hernia
4.5% probability of strangulation after 2 years of age [35] multiplied by a 50% mortality rate if strangulation is not treated within 48 h [36], given rural setting and lack of ambulance services	2.25
Cataract
No additional mortality rate assumed	–
Heart conditions
Atrial septal defect mortality rate per decade used to construct life expectancy table for untreated condition [37]	0.6–7.5
Aortic stenosis mortality rate 26% annually [38]	26
Moderate heart failure 1-year mortality rate of 24.5% in South American meta-analysis [39]	24.5
Epilepsy
Mortality rate from uncontrolled epilepsy in rural Bolivia 0.97% annually, with similar mortality rates in other rural Latin American settings [40, 41]	0.97
Gall bladder conditions
2.017% annual additional rate, from 36.3% disease-specific cumulative mortality after 18 years [42]	2.017
Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
No additional mortality rate assumed	–
Kidney stones
No additional mortality rate assumed	–
Breast cancer
Untreated median survival of 2.3 years [43]	2.3 years
Cryptorchidism
No additional mortality rate assumed	–