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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 8.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2020 Feb 12;106(1):66–75.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.005

Figure 1. Gamma-frequency CL stimulation increased consciousness level.

Figure 1.

(A) Example behavioral and neural recordings during 50 Hz stimulation (arousal score 5). (B) Population mean arousal score (±SE) before, during and after stimulations for both monkeys (circles show individual stimulation events). (C) Coronal section of right hemisphere 8mm anterior to interaural line (A8). Arrow shows electrode. (D) Zoomed-in view of thalamus. (E) Stimulation sites in monkey R (N = 90) collapsed along A-P axis. Circles represent middle contact in stimulation array; diameter scales with induced arousal. (F) Stimulation-induced arousal change (score during stim – pre) as function of dorsal-ventral distance from CL center. Symbols show stimulation events by monkey; red curve shows quadratic fit (±SE). (G) Example stimulation series for different frequencies during propofol (left) and isoflurane (right) at same site 22.5 mm ventral to cortical surface. (H) Population mean arousal change (±SE of point estimate) for different stimulation frequencies at effective and ineffective sites from both monkeys.