Table 1.

Medicare Claims-Based Measures of Frailty

Index (Year)	Predictor Types					Predictor Assessment	Reference Standard
	Demographic	ICD Codes	CPT codes	HCPCS Codes	Other
Davidoff (2013)	• Sex	None	16 variables • E&M visits • Procedures • Preventive services • Diagnostic studies	7 variables • Transportation services • DMEs	• Medicaid enrollment • Number of E&M visits	Past 12 mo	Disability
Faurot (2015)	• Age • Sex • Race	19 variables	None	4 variables • Transportation services • DMEs	None	Past 8 mo	Disability
Segal (2017)	• Age • Sex • Race	16 variables	None	None	• Charlson Comorbidity Index • Admissions in the past 6 mo	Past 6 mo	Frailty phenotype
Kim (2018)	None	52 variables	25 variables • E&M visits • Procedures • Preventive services • Diagnostic studies	16 variables • Transportation services • DMEs • Vaccines • Injectable drugs	None	Past 12 mo	Deficit- accumulation frailty index

Note: CPT = Current Procedural Terminology; DME = durable medical equipment; E&M = evaluation and management; HCPCS = Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System; ICD = International Classification of Diseases.