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. 2019 Sep 30;75(6):1120–1125. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glz224

Table 2.

Comparison of Claims-Based Frailty Measures for Identifying Frailty and Prevalent Disability in the Health and Retirement Study

Index Frailty Category (Percentile Distribution) Spearman Correlation (Partial Correlationa) C-statistic (ΔC-statisticb)
Robust (≤10th) Well (11–25th) Vulnerable (26–75th) Frail (76–90th) Very Frail (>90th)
Frailty phenotype,cn (%)
 Davidoff index 21 (8.0) 26 (6.8) 182 (14.5) 48 (21.1) 62 (41.3) NA 0.73 (0.04)
 Faurot index 15 (5.9) 26 (6.9) 133 (11.3) 88 (28.1) 77 (53.1) NA 0.74 (0.06)
 Segal index 8 (3.3) 23 (6.2) 156 (13.5) 69 (21.0) 83 (48.0) NA 0.73 (0.05)
 Kim index 8 (2.9) 26 (7.2) 148 (12.6) 79 (25.8) 78 (51.0) NA 0.78 (0.09)
Frailty index, mean (SD)
 Davidoff index 0.17 (0.10) 0.15 (0.10) 0.19 (0.12) 0.21 (0.14) 0.33 (0.17) 0.22 (0.18) NA
 Faurot index 0.13 (0.08) 0.15 (0.10) 0.17 (0.11) 0.26 (0.13) 0.37 (0.16) 0.45 (0.32) NA
 Segal index 0.12 (0.10) 0.14 (0.10) 0.19 (0.12) 0.24 (0.14) 0.31 (0.15) 0.40 (0.26) NA
 Kim index 0.10 (0.08) 0.13 (0.09) 0.18 (0.11) 0.27 (0.12) 0.37 (0.15) 0.59 (0.55) NA
Any ADL dependence, n (%)
 Davidoff index 19 (3.7) 34 (4.5) 233 (8.0) 71 (18.1) 256 (50.5) NA 0.79 (0.09)
 Faurot index 12 (2.3) 26 (3.3) 168 (6.7) 128 (17.5) 279 (55.0) NA 0.80 (0.10)
 Segal index 18 (3.0) 36 (4.7) 229 (9.4) 136 (17.9) 194 (38.3) NA 0.74 (0.04)
 Kim index 12 (2.3) 83 (6.6) 128 (6.3) 132 (17.4) 258 (50.8) NA 0.81 (0.11)
Two or more ADL dependencies, n (%)
 Davidoff index 3 (1.0) 8 (1.7) 48 (2.9) 25 (7.2) 70 (22.6) NA 0.79 (0.12)
 Faurot index 6 (1.9) 17 (3.6) 86 (5.6) 57 (12.3) 125 (40.3) NA 0.81 (0.14)
 Segal index 5 (1.6) 6 (1.3) 56 (3.6) 38 (8.2) 49 (15.9) NA 0.73 (0.06)
 Kim index NRd 6 (1.3) 34 (2.2) 34 (7.3) 80 (25.8) NA 0.84 (0.17)
Number of ADLs requiring help, mean (SD)
 Davidoff index 0.06 (0.38) 0.08 (0.42) 0.17 (0.70) 0.51 (1.30) 1.78 (2.19) 0.30 (0.28) NA
 Faurot index 0.04 (0.33) 0.06 (0.36) 0.14 (0.64) 0.43 (1.16) 1.87 (2.18) 0.35 (0.28) NA
 Segal index 0.07 (0.46) 0.08 (0.45) 0.23 (0.89) 0.50 (1.30) 1.24 (1.95) 0.27 (0.16) NA
 Kim index 0.06 (0.49) 0.16 (0.73) 0.13 (0.61) 0.45 (1.23) 1.66 (2.09) 0.31 (0.27) NA

Notes: ADL = activity of daily living; NR = not reported; SD = standard deviation.

aPartial correlation coefficient was estimated after adjusting for age and sex;

bC-statistics for age and sex alone were 0.68 for frailty phenotype, 0.70 for any ADL dependence, and 0.69 for ≥2 ADL dependencies;

cFrailty phenotype was not available in 1,523 individuals due to missing gait speed or grip strength;

dThe cell size fewer than 3 was not reported.