| Heavy metals |
Bamboo, bagasse, hickory wood, peanut hull |
Pyrolysis at 600 °C then chitosan modification |
Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+
|
14.3 mg g−1 for Pb2+
|
Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Malt spent rootlets |
Pyrolysis at 850 °C for 1 h |
Hg(II) |
103 mg g−1
|
Boutsika, Karapanagioti & Manariotis (2014) |
| Malt spent rootlets |
Pyrolysis at 300–900 °C |
Hg(II) |
130 mg g−1 for MSR750 |
Manariotis, Fotopoulou & Karapanagioti (2015) |
| Waste glue residue |
ZnCl2 modification |
Cr(VI) |
325.5 mg g−1
|
Shi et al. (2020) |
| Lotus stalks |
Zinc borate as flame retardant, pyrolysis at 300, 350, and 400 °C |
Ni(II) |
61.7 mg g−1 for 0.5 g ZB/g LS pyrolysis at 300 °C |
Liu et al. (2014) |
| Dyes |
Bamboo cane |
Phosphoric acid modification then pyrolysis at 400, 500, and 600 °C |
Lanasyn Orange and Lanasyn Gray |
2. 6 ×103 mg g−1 for both dyes |
Pradhananga et al. (2017) |
| Pecan nutshell |
Pyrolysis at 800 °C for 1 h |
Reactive Red 141 |
130 mg g−1
|
Zazycki et al. (2018) |
| Phenols and PAHs |
Sewage sludge |
Pyrolysis at 500 °C for 1 h/microwave-assisted pyrolysis at 980 W for 12 min |
Hydroquinone |
1,218.3 mg g−1/1,202.1 mg g−1
|
dos Reis et al. (2016) |
| Malt spent rootlets |
Pyrolysis at 800 °C for 1 h |
Phenanthrene |
23.5 mg g−1
|
Valili et al. (2013) |
| Orange peel |
Pyrolysis at 150–700 °C for 6 h |
Naphthalene and 1-naphthol |
80.8 mg g−1 for naphthalene and 186.5 mg g−1 for 1-naphthol |
Chen & Chen (2009) |
| Pesticides |
Maize straw and pig manure |
Pyrolysis at 300, 500, and 700 °C for 4 h |
Thiacloprid |
About 8.1 mg g−1
|
Zhang et al. (2018) |
| Almond shell |
Pyrolysis at 650 °C for 1 h with steam activation at 800 °C |
Dibromochloropropane |
102 mg g−1
|
Klasson et al. (2013) |
| Broiler litter |
Pyrolysis at 350 and 700 °C with and without steam activation at 800 °C |
Deisopropylatrazine |
About 83.3 mg g−1 for BL700 with steam activation |
Uchimiya et al. (2010) |
| Maple, elm and oak woodchips and barks |
Pyrolysis at 450 °C for 1 h |
Atrazine and simazine |
451–1,158 mg g−1 for atrazine and 243–1,066 mg g−1 for simazine |
Zheng et al. (2010) |
| Antibiotics |
Sawdust |
ZnCl2 and FeCl3 6H2O solution doped at 100 °C then calcined at 600 °C for 2 h |
Tetracycline |
Above 89% after three cycles |
Zhou et al. (2017) |
| Potato stems and leaves |
Magnetization then humic acid-coated |
Fluoroquinolones |
8.4 mg g−1 for ENR, 10.0 mg g−1 for NOR, and 11.5 mg g−1 for CIP |
Zhao et al. (2019) |
| Indicator organisms and pathogens |
Rice husk |
Pyrolysis |
Fecal indicator bacteria |
3.9 log units of bacteria removed |
Kaetzl et al. (2019) |
| Hardwood |
Pyrolysis |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
>1 log10 CFU of bacteria removed |
Perez-Mercado et al. (2019) |
| Wood chips |
Pyrolysis with steam activation |
Escherichia coli |
3.62 ± 0.27 log units of bacteria removed |
Mohanty et al. (2014) |
| Inorganic ions |
Bamboo |
Pyrolysis at 370 °C |
NH4+
|
6.4 mM g−1
|
Fan et al. (2019) |
| Bamboo |
Pyrolysis at 460 °C/immersed in clay suspension then pyrolysis at 460 °C |
NO3−
|
5 mg g−1/9 mg g−1
|
Viglašová et al. (2018) |
| Walnut shell and sewage sludge |
Pyrolysis at 600 °C for 3 h with different ratios of the two feedstocks |
PO43−
|
303.5 mg g−1 for pure sewage sludge biochar |
Yin, Liu & Ren (2019) |
| Wood and rice husks |
Magnetic modification by co-precipitation of Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions |
PO43−
|
25-28 mg g−1
|
Ajmal et al. (2020) |
| Spruce wood |
Impregnated with AlCl3/FeCl3 solution then pyrolysis at 650 °C for 1 h |
F−
|
13.6 mg g−1
|
Tchomgui-Kamga et al. (2010) |
