Table 1.
Systems used to deliver LIGHT to tumors with tumor models, delivery routes, combinations, and summary outcomes.
| Platform | Construct | Cancer models | Administration route | Combinations | Effects on tumor | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial | Salmonella typhimurium expressing LIGHT | D2F2 breast carcinoma | IV | - | Reduced tumor volume | (53) |
| CT-26 | IV | - | Reduced tumor volume | (53) | ||
| Lewis lung carcinoma | IV | - | Reduced tumor volume | (53) | ||
| Viral | Adenovirus delivery of LIGHT (Ad-LIGHT) | Ag104Ld | Intratumoral injection (IT) | - | Primary tumor elimination and distal tumor clearance | (20) |
| 4T1 | IT | - | Primary tumor clearance and elimination of metastatic events | (20) | ||
| MC38 | IT | - | Primary tumor elimination | (20) | ||
| B16-SIY | IT | - | Primary tumor elimination | (20) | ||
| A20 | IT | - | Primary tumor clearance and protection from rechallenge | (54) | ||
| C3.43 HPV16 cervical cancer | IT | Tumor Vaccine (VRP w/HPV16E7) | Tumor size regression, combination showed enhanced efficacy. Therapeutic treatment provided protection from rechallenge | (19) | ||
| TRAMPC2 prostate cancer | IT | Tumor Peptide vaccine | Tumor size regression, LIGHT reduced effect of Tregs. Enhanced anti-tumor effects with combination treatments | (55) | ||
| Cells | Mesenchymal stem cells expressing LIGHT | TUBO mammary cancer | IV | - | LTbR and CD8-dependent prophylactic protection against tumor challenge as well as therapeutic efficacy against day-7 tumor growth | (56) |
| Fusion Protein | LIGHT linked to a vascular targeting peptide (LIGHT-VTP) | Pancreatic insulinoma (RIP1-Tag5) | IV | Tumor vaccine (Tag-CpG-ODN) + Anti-PD-1 & CTLA-4 | Significant reduction in tumor burden of mice receiving full combination treatments. LIGHT-therapies enhanced tumor vaccine + dual checkpoint blockade | (22) |
| Lewis lung Carcinoma | IV | Anti-PD-1 & CTLA-4 | Reduced tumor burden in mice receiving triple therapy compared to controls. No necrosis in tumors indicating improved vasculature | (22) | ||
| NFpp10-Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) | IV | Anti-VEGF + Anti-PD-1 | HEV formation, vasculature normalization, enhanced levels of CD3+ cell infiltration into tumors, upregulations of granzyme B, and reduction in Tregs | (23) | ||
| B16 melanoma | IV | Anti-PD-1 | Vascular normalization in both primary and lung metastases. Reduced number of metastases accompanied by TLO and HEV formation at metastatic sites. Sensitization to anti-PD-1 treatments | (33) | ||
| Fusion Protein | Three copies of LIGHT linked to scFv targeting EGFR (anti-EGFR-hmLIGHT) | Ag104Ld | IV | Anti-PD-L1 | Significant reduction in tumor size within combination group showing the ability to overcome checkpoint-blockade resistance | (57) |
| MC38 | IV | Anti-PD-L1 | Tumor clearance with combination therapy | (57) |